Browse Arkansas Code titles and sections

42 U.S.C. § 16315 — Science

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16315 — Science

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16315

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. A text match is a research starting point; applicability is not established.

Original supplied file — preserved unchanged

Download original Markdown file

File SHA-256: 2c40f792912644324f4550fc9e87fe06c8186a73e7d3b050990abfbc762025de. The original may include catalog metadata, neighboring provisions, or embedded records outside this collection's scope. Search shows only the selected federal record. Historical editions and unverified snapshots are not a statement of current law.

Authority boundary: historical or unconfirmed source not current law verified.

Open the recorded source website ↗

Record provenance

Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_10d5df451e6c98d92388bf8e
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-16315-science--f380f4df5f.md
Pages: Not recorded – Not recorded
Passage SHA-256: f8a2fbc6e612987410af75a59350d059e6d23d13ba83bdf6ac64670e7999a57d

Source location: Title 42, Chapter 149, § 16315; chapter-149-national-energy-policy-and-programs.md

Stored source content

**(a) In general** The Secretary shall conduct, through the Office of Science, programs of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application in high energy physics, nuclear physics, biological and environmental research, basic energy sciences, advanced scientific computing research, and fusion energy sciences, including activities described in this part. The programs shall include support for facilities and infrastructure, education, outreach, information, analysis, and coordination activities. **(b) Authorization of appropriations** There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out research, development, demonstration, and commercial application activities of the Office of Science, including activities authorized under this part (including the amounts authorized under the amendment made by section 976(b) 11 See References in Text note below. and including basic energy sciences, advanced scientific and computing research, biological and environmental research, fusion energy sciences, high energy physics, nuclear physics, research analysis, and infrastructure support)— (1) $4,153,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; (2) $4,586,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (3) $5,200,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (4) $5,814,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; (5) $5,247,000,000 for fiscal year 2011; (6) $5,614,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and (7) $6,007,000,000 for fiscal year 2013. **(c) Allocations** From amounts authorized under subsection (b), the following sums are authorized: (1) For activities under the Fusion Energy Sciences program (including activities under [section 16312 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16312&num=0&edition=prelim))— (A) $355,500,000 for fiscal year 2007; (B) $369,500,000 for fiscal year 2008; (C) $384,800,000 for fiscal year 2009; and (D) in addition to the amounts authorized under subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), such sums as may be necessary for ITER construction, consistent with the limitations of [section 16312(c)(5) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16312/c/5&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) For activities under the catalysis research program under [section 16313 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16313&num=0&edition=prelim)— (A) $36,500,000 for fiscal year 2007; (B) $38,200,000 for fiscal year 2008; and (C) such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 2009. (3) For activities under the Systems Biology Program under [section 16317 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16317&num=0&edition=prelim) such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2009. (4) For activities under the Energy and Water Supplies program under [section 16319 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16319&num=0&edition=prelim), $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2009. (5) For the energy research fellowships programs under [section 16324 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16324&num=0&edition=prelim), $40,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2009. (6) For the advanced scientific computing activities under section 976— 1 (A) $270,000,000 for fiscal year 2007; (B) $350,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; and (C) $375,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. (7) For the science and engineering education pilot program under [section 16323 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16323&num=0&edition=prelim)— (A) $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2007 and 2008; and (B) $8,000,000 for fiscal year 2009. **(d) Integrated bioenergy research and development** In addition to amounts otherwise authorized by this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary for integrated bioenergy research and development programs, projects, and activities, $49,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009. Activities funded under this subsection shall be coordinated with ongoing related programs of other Federal agencies, including the Plant Genome Program of the National Science Foundation. Of the funds authorized under this subsection, at least $5,000,000 for each fiscal year shall be for training and education targeted to minority and socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers.

Cross-references

Connections may be documented source relationships, shared citations or nearby passages. Each explains its basis; a connection alone does not establish applicability to your situation.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16323 — Energy and water supplies

**(a) In general** The Secretary shall carry out a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application to— (1) address energy-related issues associated with provision of adequate water supplies, optimal management, and efficient use of water; (2) address water-related issues associated with the provision of adequate supplies, optimal management, and efficient use of energy; and (3) assess the effectiveness of existing programs within the Department and other Federal agencies to address these energy and water related issues. **(b) Program elements** The program under this section shall include— (1) arsenic treatment; (2) desalination; and (3) planning, analysis, and modeling of energy and water supply and demand. **(c) Collaboration** In carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of the Interior, the Chief Engineer of the Army Corps of Engineers, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Defense, and other Federal agencies as appropriate. **(d) Facilities** The Secretary may utilize all existing facilities within the Department and may design and construct additional facilities as needed to carry out the purposes of this program. **(e) Advisory committee** The Secretary shall establish or utilize an advisory committee to provide independent advice and review of the program. **(f) Reports** Not later than 2 years after August 8, 2005, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the assessment described in subsection (b) and recommendations for future actions.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16323

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16317 — Solar Fuels Research Initiative

**(a) Initiative** (1) **In general** — The Secretary shall carry out a research initiative, to be known as the “Solar Fuels Research Initiative” (referred to in this section as the “Initiative”) to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge of photochemistry, electrochemistry, biochemistry, and materials science useful for the practical development of experimental systems to convert solar energy to chemical energy. (2) **Leveraging** — In carrying out programs and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from— (A) the Basic Energy Sciences Program and the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Office of Science; and (B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. (3) **Teams** (A) *In general* — In carrying out the Initiative, the Secretary shall organize activities among multidisciplinary teams to leverage, to the maximum extent practicable, expertise from the National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and the private sector. (B) *Goals* — The multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph (A) shall pursue aggressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. (C) *Resources* — The Secretary shall provide sufficient resources to the multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph (A) to achieve the goals described in subparagraph (B) over a period of time to be determined by the Secretary. (4) **Additional activities** — The Secretary may organize additional activities under this subsection through Energy Frontier Research Centers, Energy Innovation Hubs, or other organizational structures. **(b) Artificial photosynthesis** (1) **In general** — The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research needed to bridge scientific barriers t

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16317

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 5523 — Repealed. Pub. L. 114–329, title I, § 105(h), Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2982

### Statutory Notes Section, Pub. L. 102–194, title I, § 103, as added Pub. L. 105–305, § 5, Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2921; amended Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, § 1067(20), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 775, related to the Next Generation Internet program.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 5523

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16313 — Carbon removal

**(a) Establishment** The Secretary, in coordination with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration program (referred to in this section as the “program”) to test, validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. **(b) Intraagency coordination** The Secretary shall ensure that the program includes the coordinated participation of the Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. **(c) Program activities** The program may include research, development, and demonstration activities relating to— (1) direct air capture and storage technologies; (2) bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration; (3) enhanced geological weathering; (4) agricultural practices; (5) forest management and afforestation; and (6) planned or managed carbon sinks, including natural and artificial. **(d) Requirements** In developing and identifying carbon removal technologies and strategies under the program, the Secretary shall consider— (1) land use changes, including impacts on natural and managed ecosystems; (2) ocean acidification; (3) net greenhouse gas emissions; (4) commercial viability; (5) potential for near-term impact; (6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton scale; and (7) economic cobenefits. **(e) Air capture prize competitions** (1) **Definitions** — In this subsection: (A) *Dilute media* — The term “dilute media” means media in which the concentration of carbon dioxide is less than 1 percent by volume. (B) *Prize competition* — The term “prize competition” means the competitive technology prize competition established under paragrap

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16313

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16316 — Fusion energy sciences program

**(a) Declaration of policy** It shall be the policy of the United States to conduct research, development, demonstration, and commercial applications to provide for the scientific, engineering, and commercial infrastructure necessary to ensure that the United States is competitive with other countries in providing fusion energy for its own needs and the needs of other countries, including by demonstrating electric power or hydrogen production for the United States energy grid using fusion energy at the earliest date. **(b) Planning** (1) **In general** — Not later than 180 days after August 8, 2005, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a plan (with proposed cost estimates, budgets, and lists of potential international partners) for the implementation of the policy described in subsection (a) in a manner that ensures that— (A) existing fusion research facilities are more fully used; (B) fusion science, technology, theory, advanced computation, modeling, and simulation are strengthened; (C) new magnetic and inertial fusion research and development facilities are selected based on scientific innovation and cost effectiveness, and the potential of the facilities to advance the goal of practical fusion energy at the earliest date practicable; (D) facilities that are selected are funded at a cost-effective rate; (E) communication of scientific results and methods between the fusion energy science community and the broader scientific and technology communities is improved; (F) inertial confinement fusion facilities are used to the extent practicable for the purpose of inertial fusion energy research and development; (G) attractive alternative inertial and magnetic fusion energy approaches are more fully explored; and (H) to the extent practicable,

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16316

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16319 — Electricity Storage Research Initiative

**(a) Initiative** (1) **In general** — The Secretary shall carry out a research initiative, to be known as the “Electricity Storage Research Initiative” (referred to in this section as the “Initiative”)— (A) to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge to control, store, and convert— (i) electrical energy to chemical energy; and (ii) chemical energy to electrical energy; (B) to support scientific inquiry into the practical understanding of chemical and physical processes that occur within systems involving crystalline and amorphous solids, polymers, and organic and aqueous liquids; and (C) to ensure the competitiveness of the United States in energy storage by fostering an ecosystem linking fundamental research and development to deployment of storage solutions while minimizing the environmental impacts of energy storage technologies. (2) **Leveraging** — In carrying out programs and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from— (A) the Basic Energy Sciences Program, the Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program, and the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Office of Science; (B) the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; and (C) any other relevant office of the Department. (3) **Teams** (A) *In general* — In carrying out the Initiative, the Secretary shall organize activities among multidisciplinary teams to leverage, to the maximum extent practicable, expertise from the National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and the private sector. (B) *Goals* — The multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph (A) shall pursue aggressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. (C) *Resources* — The Secretary shall provide sufficient resource

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16319

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16324 — Spallation Neutron Source

**(a) Definitions** In this section: (1) **SING** — The term “SING” means the Spallation Neutron Source Instruments Next Generation major item of equipment. (2) **SNS power upgrade** — The term “SNS power upgrade” means the Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade described in the 20-year facilities plan of the Office of Science of the Department. (3) **SNS second target station** — The term “SNS second target station” means the Spallation Neutron Source second target station described in the 20-year facilities plan of the Office of Science of the Department. (4) **Spallation Neutron Source Facility** — The terms “Spallation Neutron Source Facility” and “Facility” mean the completed Spallation Neutron Source scientific user facility located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. (5) **Spallation Neutron Source Project** — The terms “Spallation Neutron Source Project” and “Project” means Department Project 99–E–334, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. **(b) Spallation Neutron Source Project** (1) **In general** — The Secretary shall submit to Congress, as part of the annual budget request of the President submitted to Congress, a report on progress on the Spallation Neutron Source Project. (2) **Contents** — The report shall include for the Project— (A) a description of the achievement of milestones; (B) a comparison of actual costs to estimated costs; and (C) any changes in estimated Project costs or schedule. **(c) Spallation Neutron Source Facility plan** (1) **In general** — The Secretary shall develop an operational plan for the Spallation Neutron Source Facility that ensures that the Facility is employed to the full capability of the Facility in support of the study of advanced materials, nanoscience, and other mi

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16324

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16312 — National Energy Technology Laboratory reforms

**(a) Special hiring authority for scientific, engineering, and project management personnel** (1) **In general** — The Director of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (referred to in this section as the “Director”) may— (A) make appointments to positions in the National Energy Technology Laboratory to assist in meeting a specific project or research need, without regard to civil service laws, of individuals who— (i) have an advanced scientific or engineering background; or (ii) have a business background and can assist in specific technology-to-market needs; (B) fix the basic pay of any employee appointed under subparagraph (A) at a rate not to exceed level II of the Executive Schedule under [section 5313 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5313&num=0&edition=prelim); and (C) pay any employee appointed under subparagraph (A) payments in addition to the basic pay fixed under subparagraph (B), subject to the condition that the total amount of additional payments paid to an employee under this subparagraph for any 12-month period shall not exceed the least of— (i) $25,000; (ii) the amount equal to 25 percent of the annual rate of basic pay of that employee; and (iii) the amount of the limitation that is applicable for a calendar year under [section 5307(a)(1) of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5307/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) **Limitations** (A) *In general* — The term of any employee appointed under paragraph (1)(A) shall not exceed 3 years. (B) *Full-time employees* — Not more than 10 full-time employees appointed under paragraph (1)(A) may be employed at the National Energy Technology Laboratory at any given time. **

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 16312

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 17241 — Better energy storage technology

**(a) Definitions** In this section: (1) **Energy storage system** — The term “energy storage system” means any system, equipment, facility, or technology that— (A) is capable of absorbing or converting energy, storing the energy for a period of time, and dispatching the energy; and (B) (i) uses mechanical, electrochemical, thermal, electrolysis, or other processes to convert and store electric energy that was generated at an earlier time for use at a later time; (ii) uses mechanical, electrochemical, biochemical, or thermal processes to convert and store energy generated from mechanical processes that would otherwise be wasted, for delivery at a later time; or (iii) stores energy in an electric, thermal, or gaseous state for direct use for heating or cooling at a later time in a manner that avoids the need to use electricity or other fuel sources at that later time, such as a grid-enabled water heater. (2) **Program** — The term “program” means the Energy Storage System Research, Development, and Deployment Program established under subsection (b)(1). (3) **Secretary** — The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy. **(b) Energy Storage System Research, Development, and Deployment Program** (1) **Establishment** — Not later than 180 days after December 27, 2020, the Secretary shall establish a program, to be known as the Energy Storage System Research, Development, and Deployment Program. (2) **Initial program objectives** — The program shall focus on research, development, and deployment of— (A) energy storage systems, components, and materials designed to further the development of technologies— (i) for large-scale commercial deployment; (ii) for deployment at cost targets established by the Secretary; (iii) for hour

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 17241

Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Incoming connection: Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 16315 — Electricity Storage Research Initiative

Page 8864 TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE § 16314 (b) Artificial photosynthesis (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out under the Ini- tiative a program to support research needed to bridge scientific barriers to, and discover knowledge relevant to, artificial photosyn- thetic systems. (2) Activities As part of the program described in para- graph (1)— (A) the Director of the Office of Basic En- ergy Sciences shall support basic research to pursue distinct lines of scientific inquiry, in- cluding— (i) photoinduced production of hydrogen and oxygen from water; and (ii) the sustainable photoinduced reduc- tion of carbon dioxide to fuel products in- cluding hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbon monoxide, and natural gas; and (B) the Assistant Secretary for Energy Ef- ficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. (3) Standard of review The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph (1) to determine the achievement of technical milestones. (4) Funds Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for basic energy sciences in a fiscal year, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Sec- retary to carry out activities under this sub- section $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027. (c) Biochemistry, replication of natural photo- synthesis, and related processes (1) In general The Secretary shall carry out under the Ini- tiative a program to support research needed to replicate natural photosynthetic processes by use of artificial photosynthetic components and materials. (2) Activities As part of the program described in para- graph (1)— (A) the Director of the Office of Basic En- ergy S

Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 16315

Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.