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22 U.S.C. § 3241 — International undertakings

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22 U.S.C. § 3241 — International undertakings

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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-3241-international-undertakings--d6572feab9.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 47, § 3241; chapter-047-nuclear-non-proliferation.md

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**(a) Development of international approaches for meeting future worldwide nuclear fuel needs; international nuclear fuel authority** Consistent with [section 3224 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3224&num=0&edition=prelim), the President shall institute prompt discussions with other nations and groups of nations, including both supplier and recipient nations, to develop international approaches for meeting future worldwide nuclear fuel needs. In particular, the President is authorized and urged to seek to negotiate as soon as practicable with nations possessing nuclear fuel production facilities or source material, and such other nations and groups of nations, such as the IAEA, as may be deemed appropriate, with a view toward the timely establishment of binding international undertakings providing for— (1) the establishment of an international nuclear fuel authority (INFA) with responsibility for providing agreed upon fuel services and allocating agreed upon quantities of fuel resources to ensure fuel supply on reasonable terms in accordance with agreements between INFA and supplier and recipient nations; (2) a set of conditions consistent with subsection (d) under which international fuel assurances under INFA auspices will be provided to recipient nations, including conditions which will ensure that the transferred materials will not be used for nuclear explosive devices; (3) devising, consistent with the policy goals set forth in [section 2153b of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153b&num=0&edition=prelim), feasible and environmentally sound approaches for the siting, development, and management under effective international auspices and inspection of facilities for the provision of nuclear fuel services, including the storage of special nuclear material; (4) the establishment of repositories for the storage of spent nuclear reactor fuel under effective international auspices and inspection; (5) the establishment of arrangements under which nations placing spent fuel in such repositories would receive appropriate compensation for the energy content of such spent fuel if recovery of such energy content is deemed necessary or desirable; and (6) sanctions for violation of the provisions of or for abrogation of such binding international undertakings. **(b) , (c) Omitted** **(d) Adherence of nations to policies designed to prevent proliferation** The fuel assurances contemplated by this section shall be for the benefit of nations that adhere to policies designed to prevent proliferation. In negotiating the binding international undertakings called for in this section, the President shall, in particular, seek to ensure that the benefits of such undertakings are available to non-nuclear-weapon states only if such states accept IAEA safeguards on all their peaceful nuclear activities, do not manufacture or otherwise acquire any nuclear explosive device, do not establish any new enrichment or reprocessing facilities under their de facto or de jure control, and place any such existing facilities under effective international auspices and inspection. **(e) Report on progress of negotiations** The report required by [section 3281 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3281&num=0&edition=prelim) shall include information on the progress made in any negotiations pursuant to this section. **(f) Congressional approval of non-treaty international undertakings; submission of proposals** (1) The President may not enter into any binding international undertaking negotiated pursuant to subsection (a) which is not a treaty until such time as such proposed undertaking has been submitted to the Congress and has been approved by concurrent resolution. (2) The proposals prepared pursuant to subsection (b) shall be submitted to the Congress as part of an annual authorization Act for the Department of Energy.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 3281 — Actions to combat international nuclear terrorism

**(a) Actions to be taken by President** The Congress hereby directs the President— (1) to seek universal adherence to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material; (2) to— (A) conduct a review, enlisting the participation of all relevant departments and agencies of the Government, to determine whether the recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material published by the International Atomic Energy Agency are adequate to deter theft, sabotage, and the use of nuclear facilities and materials in acts of international terrorism, and (B) transmit the results of this review to the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency; (3) to take, in concert with United States allies and other countries, such steps as may be necessary— (A) to keep to a minimum the amount of weapons-grade nuclear material in international transit, and (B) to ensure that when any such material is transported internationally, it is under the most effective means for adequately protecting it from acts or attempted acts of sabotage or theft by terrorist groups or nations; and (4) to seek agreement in the United Nations Security Council to establish— (A) an effective regime of international sanctions against any nation or subnational group which conducts or sponsors acts of international nuclear terrorism, and (B) measures for coordinating responses to all acts of international nuclear terrorism, including measures for the recovery of stolen nuclear material and the clean-up of nuclear releases. **(b) Reports to Congress** The President shall report to the Congress annually, in the reports required by [section 3281 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3281&num=0&edition=prelim), on the prog

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 3201 — Programs

**(a) Energy development programs** The United States shall initiate a program, consistent with the aims of [section 3261 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3261&num=0&edition=prelim), to cooperate with developing countries for the purpose of— (1) meeting the energy needs required for the development of such countries; (2) reducing the dependence of such countries on petroleum fuels, with emphasis given to utilizing solar and other renewable energy resources; and (3) expanding the energy alternatives available to such countries. **(b) Energy assessments and cooperative projects** Such program shall include cooperation in evaluating the energy alternatives of developing countries, facilitating international trade in energy commodities, developing energy resources, and applying suitable energy technologies. The program shall include both general and country-specific energy assessments and cooperative projects in resource exploration and production, training, research and development. **(c) Exchange of scientists, technicians, and energy experts** As an integral part of such program, the Department of Energy, under the general policy guidance of the Department of State and in cooperation with the Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as appropriate, shall initiate, as soon as practicable, a program for the exchange of United States scientists, technicians, and energy experts with those of developing countries to implement the purposes of this section. **(d) Authorization of appropriations** For the purposes of carrying out this section, there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as are contained in annual authorization Acts for the Department of Energy, including such sums which h

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22 U.S.C. § 3222 — Congressional statement of purpose

It is the purpose of this chapter to promote the policies set forth above by— **(a)** establishing a more effective framework for international cooperation to meet the energy needs of all nations and to ensure that the worldwide development of peaceful nuclear activities and the export by any nation of nuclear materials and equipment and nuclear technology intended for use in peaceful nuclear activities do not contribute to proliferation; **(b)** authorizing the United States to take such actions as are required to ensure that it will act reliably in meeting its commitment to supply nuclear reactors and fuel to nations which adhere to effective non-proliferation policies; **(c)** providing incentives to the other nations of the world to join in such international cooperative efforts and to ratify the Treaty; and **(d)** ensuring effective controls by the United States over its exports of nuclear materials and equipment and of nuclear technology.

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22 U.S.C. § 3224 — Congressional declaration of policy

The United States, as a matter of national policy, shall take such actions and institute such measures as may be necessary and feasible to assure other nations and groups of nations that may seek to utilize the benefits of atomic energy for peaceful purposes that it will provide a reliable supply of nuclear fuel to those nations and groups of nations which adhere to policies designed to prevent proliferation. Such nuclear fuel shall be provided under agreements entered into pursuant to [section 2201 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2201&num=0&edition=prelim) or as otherwise authorized by law. The United States shall ensure that it will have available the capacity on a long-term basis to enter into new fuel supply commitments consistent with its non-proliferation policies and domestic energy needs. The Commission shall, on a timely basis, authorize the export of nuclear materials and equipment when all the applicable statutory requirements are met.

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42 U.S.C. § 2153b — Export policies relating to peaceful nuclear activities and international nuclear trade

The President shall take immediate and vigorous steps to seek agreement from all nations and groups of nations to commit themselves to adhere to the following export policies with respect to their peaceful nuclear activities and their participation in international nuclear trade: **(a) Undertakings by transferee nations receiving nuclear material and equipment or sensitive nuclear technology** No nuclear materials and equipment and no sensitive nuclear technology within the territory of any nation or group of nations, under its jurisdiction, or under its control anywhere will be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations unless the nation or group of nations receiving such transfer commits itself to strict undertakings including, but not limited to, provisions sufficient to ensure that— (1) no nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear-weapon state, shall be used for nuclear explosive devices for any purpose or for research on or development of nuclear explosive devices for any purpose, except as permitted by Article V, the Treaty; (2) IAEA safeguards will be applied to all peaceful nuclear activities in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any non-nuclear-weapon state; (3) adequate physical security measures will be established and maintained by any nation or group of nations on all of its nuclear activities; (4) no nuclear materials and equipment and no nuclear technology intended for peaceful purposes in, under the jurisdiction of, or under the control of any nation or group of nations shall be transferred to the jurisdiction of any other nation or group of nations which does not agree to stringent undertakings meeting the objectives

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2153b

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22 U.S.C. § 3202 — Annual Presidential report to Congress on governmental efforts to prevent proliferation

**(a) Review of Government activities; description of progress; assessment of impact of progress; determinations regarding non-nuclear-weapon states; counterproductiveness of policies** The President shall review all activities of Government departments and agencies relating to preventing proliferation and shall make a report to Congress in January of 1979 and annually in January of each year thereafter on the Government’s efforts to prevent proliferation. This report shall include but not be limited to— (1) a description of the progress made toward— (A) negotiating the initiatives contemplated in sections 3223 and 3224 of this title; (B) negotiating the international arrangements or other mutual undertakings contemplated in [section 2153b of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153b&num=0&edition=prelim); (C) encouraging non-nuclear-weapon states that are not party to the Treaty to adhere to the Treaty or, pending such adherence, to enter into comparable agreements with respect to safeguards and to foreswear the development of any nuclear explosive devices, and discouraging nuclear exports to non-nuclear-weapon states which have not taken such steps; (D) strengthening the safeguards of the IAEA as contemplated in [section 3241 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3241&num=0&edition=prelim); and (E) renegotiating agreements for cooperation as contemplated in [section 2153c(a) of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153c/a&num=0&edition=prelim); (2) an assessment of the impact of the progress described in paragraph (1) on the non-proliferation policy of the United States; an explanation of the precise

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22 U.S.C. § 3241 — Congressional declaration of policy

Page 1321 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 3244 of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 which com- prises this chapter. AMENDMENTS 1994—Pub. L. 103–437 substituted ‘‘Science, Space, and Technology’’ for ‘‘Science and Technology’’. SUBCHAPTER II—UNITED STATES INITIA- TIVES TO STRENGTHEN THE INTER- NATIONAL SAFEGUARDS SYSTEM § 3241. Congressional declaration of policy The United States is committed to continued strong support for the principles of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to a strengthened and more effective International Atomic Energy Agency and to a comprehensive safeguards system administered by the Agency to deter proliferation. Accordingly, the United States shall seek to act with other nations to— (a) continue to strengthen the safeguards program of the IAEA and, in order to imple- ment this section, contribute funds, technical resources, and other support to assist the IAEA in effectively implementing safeguards; (b) ensure that the IAEA has the resources to carry out the provisions of Article XII of the Statute of the IAEA; (c) improve the IAEA safeguards system (in- cluding accountability) to ensure— (1) the timely detection of a possible diver- sion of source or special nuclear materials which could be used for nuclear explosive de- vices; (2) the timely dissemination of informa- tion regarding such diversion; and (3) the timely implementation of inter- nationally agreed procedures in the event of such diversion; (d) ensure that the IAEA receives on a time- ly basis the data needed for it to administer an effective and comprehensive international safeguards program and that the IAEA pro- vides timely notice to the world community of any evidence of a violation of any safeguards agreem

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