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22 U.S.C. § 3281 — Actions to combat international nuclear terrorism
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Actions to be taken by President** The Congress hereby directs the President—
(1) to seek universal adherence to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material;
(2) to—
(A) conduct a review, enlisting the participation of all relevant departments and agencies of the Government, to determine whether the recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material published by the International Atomic Energy Agency are adequate to deter theft, sabotage, and the use of nuclear facilities and materials in acts of international terrorism, and
(B) transmit the results of this review to the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency;
(3) to take, in concert with United States allies and other countries, such steps as may be necessary—
(A) to keep to a minimum the amount of weapons-grade nuclear material in international transit, and
(B) to ensure that when any such material is transported internationally, it is under the most effective means for adequately protecting it from acts or attempted acts of sabotage or theft by terrorist groups or nations; and
(4) to seek agreement in the United Nations Security Council to establish—
(A) an effective regime of international sanctions against any nation or subnational group which conducts or sponsors acts of international nuclear terrorism, and
(B) measures for coordinating responses to all acts of international nuclear terrorism, including measures for the recovery of stolen nuclear material and the clean-up of nuclear releases.
**(b) Reports to Congress** The President shall report to the Congress annually, in the reports required by [section 3281 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3281&num=0&edition=prelim), on the prog
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-3281-actions-to-combat-international-nuclear-terrorism--d4a5ca1850.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 47, § 3281; chapter-047-nuclear-non-proliferation.md
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**(a) Actions to be taken by President** The Congress hereby directs the President—
(1) to seek universal adherence to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material;
(2) to—
(A) conduct a review, enlisting the participation of all relevant departments and agencies of the Government, to determine whether the recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material published by the International Atomic Energy Agency are adequate to deter theft, sabotage, and the use of nuclear facilities and materials in acts of international terrorism, and
(B) transmit the results of this review to the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency;
(3) to take, in concert with United States allies and other countries, such steps as may be necessary—
(A) to keep to a minimum the amount of weapons-grade nuclear material in international transit, and
(B) to ensure that when any such material is transported internationally, it is under the most effective means for adequately protecting it from acts or attempted acts of sabotage or theft by terrorist groups or nations; and
(4) to seek agreement in the United Nations Security Council to establish—
(A) an effective regime of international sanctions against any nation or subnational group which conducts or sponsors acts of international nuclear terrorism, and
(B) measures for coordinating responses to all acts of international nuclear terrorism, including measures for the recovery of stolen nuclear material and the clean-up of nuclear releases.
**(b) Reports to Congress** The President shall report to the Congress annually, in the reports required by [section 3281 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3281&num=0&edition=prelim), on the progress made during the preceding year in achieving the objectives described in this section.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds and declares that the proliferation of nuclear explosive devices or of the direct capability to manufacture or otherwise acquire such devices poses a grave threat to the security interests of the United States and to continued international progress toward world peace and development. Recent events emphasize the urgency of this threat and the imperative need to increase the effectiveness of international safeguards and controls on peaceful nuclear activities to prevent proliferation. Accordingly, it is the policy of the United States to—
**(a)** actively pursue through international initiatives mechanisms for fuel supply assurances and the establishment of more effective international controls over the transfer and use of nuclear materials and equipment and nuclear technology for peaceful purposes in order to prevent proliferation, including the establishment of common international sanctions;
**(b)** take such actions as are required to confirm the reliability of the United States in meeting its commitments to supply nuclear reactors and fuel to nations which adhere to effective non-proliferation policies by establishing procedures to facilitate the timely processing of requests for subsequent arrangements and export licenses;
**(c)** strongly encourage nations which have not ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to do so at the earliest possible date; and
**(d)** cooperate with foreign nations in identifying and adapting suitable technologies for energy production and, in particular, to identify alternative options to nuclear power in aiding such nations to meet their energy needs, consistent with the economic and material resources of those nations and environmental protection.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 3221
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Development of international approaches for meeting future worldwide nuclear fuel needs; international nuclear fuel authority** Consistent with [section 3224 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3224&num=0&edition=prelim), the President shall institute prompt discussions with other nations and groups of nations, including both supplier and recipient nations, to develop international approaches for meeting future worldwide nuclear fuel needs. In particular, the President is authorized and urged to seek to negotiate as soon as practicable with nations possessing nuclear fuel production facilities or source material, and such other nations and groups of nations, such as the IAEA, as may be deemed appropriate, with a view toward the timely establishment of binding international undertakings providing for—
(1) the establishment of an international nuclear fuel authority (INFA) with responsibility for providing agreed upon fuel services and allocating agreed upon quantities of fuel resources to ensure fuel supply on reasonable terms in accordance with agreements between INFA and supplier and recipient nations;
(2) a set of conditions consistent with subsection (d) under which international fuel assurances under INFA auspices will be provided to recipient nations, including conditions which will ensure that the transferred materials will not be used for nuclear explosive devices;
(3) devising, consistent with the policy goals set forth in [section 2153b of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153b&num=0&edition=prelim), feasible and environmentally sound approaches for the siting, development, and management under effective international auspices and inspection of f
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 3241
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President shall take immediate initiatives to invite all nuclear supplier and recipient nations to reevaluate all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle, with emphasis on alternatives to an economy based on the separation of pure plutonium or the presence of high enriched uranium, methods to deal with spent fuel storage, and methods to improve the safeguards for existing nuclear technology. The President shall, in the first report required by [section 3281 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3281&num=0&edition=prelim), detail the progress of such international reevaluation.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 3242
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Determination by President**
(1) **In general** — Except as provided in subsection (b)(2), the President shall impose the sanction described in subsection (c) if the President determines in writing that, on or after the effective date of this subchapter, a foreign person or a United States person has materially and with requisite knowledge contributed, through the export from the United States or any other country of any goods or technology (as defined in [section 6305(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6305/2&num=0&edition=prelim)), to the efforts by any individual, group, or non-nuclear-weapon state to acquire unsafeguarded special nuclear material or to use, develop, produce, stockpile, or otherwise acquire any nuclear explosive device.
(2) **Persons against which the sanction is to be imposed** — The sanction shall be imposed pursuant to paragraph (1) on—
(A) the foreign person or United States person with respect to which the President makes the determination described in that paragraph;
(B) any successor entity to that foreign person or United States person;
(C) any foreign person or United States person that is a parent or subsidiary of that person if that parent or subsidiary materially and with requisite knowledge assisted in the activities which were the basis of that determination; and
(D) any foreign person or United States person that is an affiliate of that person if that affiliate materially and with requisite knowledge assisted in the activities which were the basis of that determination and if that affiliate is controlled in fact by that person.
(3) **Other sanctions available** — The sanction which is required to be imposed for activities described in this subsection is in
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6301
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1324
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 3281
1 See References in Text note below.
(2) reducing the dependence of such coun-
tries on petroleum fuels, with emphasis given
to utilizing solar and other renewable energy
resources; and
(3) expanding the energy alternatives avail-
able to such countries.
(b) Energy assessments and cooperative projects
Such program shall include cooperation in
evaluating the energy alternatives of developing
countries, facilitating international trade in en-
ergy commodities, developing energy resources,
and applying suitable energy technologies. The
program shall include both general and country-
specific energy assessments and cooperative
projects in resource exploration and production,
training, research and development.
(c) Exchange of scientists, technicians, and en-
ergy experts
As an integral part of such program, the De-
partment of Energy, under the general policy
guidance of the Department of State and in co-
operation with the Agency for International De-
velopment and other Federal agencies as appro-
priate, shall initiate, as soon as practicable, a
program for the exchange of United States sci-
entists, technicians, and energy experts with
those of developing countries to implement the
purposes of this section.
(d) Authorization of appropriations
For the purposes of carrying out this section,
there is authorized to be appropriated such sums
as are contained in annual authorization Acts
for the Department of Energy, including such
sums which have been authorized for such pur-
poses under previous legislation.
(e) Coordination with related United States ac-
tivities abroad
Under the direction of the President, the Sec-
retary of State shall ensure the coordination of
the activities authorize
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 3281
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