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22 U.S.C. § 2460 — Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment; responsibilities** In order to carry out the purposes of this chapter, there is established in the United States Information Agency, or in such appropriate agency of the United States as the President shall determine, a Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Bureau”). The Bureau shall be responsible for managing, coordinating, and overseeing programs established pursuant to this chapter, including but not limited to—
(1) the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program which, by promoting the exchange of scholars, researchers, students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors, between the United States and foreign countries, accomplishes the purposes of [section 2452(a)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2452/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program which finances (A) study at American universities and institutions of higher learning, including study in degree granting programs, and (B) participation in fellowships, internships, or other programs in American governmental and nongovernmental institutions for public managers and other individuals from developing countries;
(3) the International Visitors Program which provides grants for short-term visits to the United States for foreign nationals who are, or have the potential to be, leaders in their respective fields in their own countries;
(4) the American Cultural Centers and Libraries which make available at selected foreign locations, books, films, sound recordings, and other materials about the United States, its people and culture, and about other topics;
(5) the American Overseas Schools Program which provides financial assistance to
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-2460-bureau-of-educational-and-cultural-affairs--fcd12896e3.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 33, § 2460; chapter-033-mutual-educational-and-cultural-exchange-program.md
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**(a) Establishment; responsibilities** In order to carry out the purposes of this chapter, there is established in the United States Information Agency, or in such appropriate agency of the United States as the President shall determine, a Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Bureau”). The Bureau shall be responsible for managing, coordinating, and overseeing programs established pursuant to this chapter, including but not limited to—
(1) the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program which, by promoting the exchange of scholars, researchers, students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors, between the United States and foreign countries, accomplishes the purposes of [section 2452(a)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2452/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program which finances (A) study at American universities and institutions of higher learning, including study in degree granting programs, and (B) participation in fellowships, internships, or other programs in American governmental and nongovernmental institutions for public managers and other individuals from developing countries;
(3) the International Visitors Program which provides grants for short-term visits to the United States for foreign nationals who are, or have the potential to be, leaders in their respective fields in their own countries;
(4) the American Cultural Centers and Libraries which make available at selected foreign locations, books, films, sound recordings, and other materials about the United States, its people and culture, and about other topics;
(5) the American Overseas Schools Program which provides financial assistance to the operations of American-sponsored schools overseas;
(6) the American Studies Program which fosters and supports the study of the United States, and its people and culture, in foreign countries;
(7) a program of working with private, not-for-profit groups through contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements, as authorized by [section 2452 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2452&num=0&edition=prelim), so as to provide financial assistance to nongovernmental organizations engaged in implementing and enhancing exchange-of-persons programs;
(8) the Samantha Smith Memorial Exchange Program which advances understanding between the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union and between the United States and Eastern European countries through the exchange of persons under the age of 21 years and of students at an institution of higher education (as defined in [section 1001 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1001&num=0&edition=prelim)) who have not received their initial baccalaureate degree or through other programs designed to promote contact between the young peoples of the United States, the independent states of the former Soviet Union, and Eastern European countries;
(9) the Arts America program which promotes a greater appreciation and understanding of American art abroad by supporting exhibitions and tours by American artists in other countries; and
(10) 11 So in original. Two pars. (10) have been enacted. exchange programs, including in coordination and consultation with the private sector, focused on music and the performing arts that provide opportunities for foreign nationals and Americans to build cross-cultural understanding and advance peace abroad.
(10) 1 the John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program established under [section 2465 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2465&num=0&edition=prelim), which provides funding for international internships and research placements for early- to mid-career individuals from the United States to study nonviolent civil rights movements in self-arranged placements with universities or nongovernmental organizations in foreign countries.
**(b) Revocation or diminution of grants**
(1) All recipients of Fulbright Academic Exchange and Humphrey Fellowship awards shall have full academic and artistic freedom, including freedom to write, publish, and create. No award granted pursuant to this chapter may be revoked or diminished on account of the political views expressed by the recipient or on account of any scholarly or artistic activity that would be subject to the protections of academic and artistic freedom normally observed in universities in the United States. The Board shall ensure that the academic and artistic freedoms of all persons receiving grants are protected.
(2) The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board shall formulate a policy on revocation of Fulbright grants which shall be made known to all grantees. Such policy shall fully protect the right to due process as well as the academic and artistic freedom of all grantees.
**(c) Program requirements** The President shall insure that all programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their nonpolitical character and shall be balanced and representative of the diversity of American political, social, and cultural life. The President shall insure that academic and cultural programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their scholarly integrity and shall meet the highest standards of academic excellence or artistic achievement.
**(d) Administration of programs**
(1) The Bureau shall administer no programs except those operating under the authority of this chapter and consistent with its purposes.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Bureau may also exercise the authorities of this chapter to administer programs authorized by, or funded pursuant to, the FREEDOM Support Act, the Support for East European Democracy Act [[22 U.S.C. 5401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], or any other Act authorizing educational or cultural exchanges or activities, to the extent that such programs are consistent with the purposes of this chapter.
**(e) Office of Citizen Exchanges** There is established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs an Office of Citizen Exchanges. The Office shall support private not-for-profit organizations engaged in the exchange of persons between the United States and other countries.
**(f) Coordination of exchange programs; reports**
(1) The President shall ensure that all exchange programs conducted by the United States Government, its departments and agencies, directly or through agreements with other parties, are reported at a time and in a format prescribed by the Director. The President shall ensure that such exchanges are consistent with United States foreign policy and avoid duplication of effort.
(2) Not later than 90 days after April 30, 1994, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report pursuant to paragraph (1). Such report shall include information for each exchange program supported by the United States on the objectives of such exchange, the number of exchange participants supported, the types of exchange activities conducted, the total amount of Federal expenditures for such exchanges, and the extent to which such exchanges are duplicative.
**(g) Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training**
(1) In order to carry out the purposes of subsection (f) and to improve the coordination, efficiency, and effectiveness of United States Government-sponsored international exchanges and training, there is established within the Department of State a senior-level interagency working group to be known as the Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (in this section referred to as the “Working Group”).
(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term “Government-sponsored international exchanges and training” means the movement of people between countries to promote the sharing of ideas, to develop skills, and to foster mutual understanding and cooperation, financed wholly or in part, directly or indirectly, with United States Government funds.
(3) The Working Group shall be composed as follows:
(A) The Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs, who shall act as Chair.
(B) A senior representative of the Department of Defense, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Defense.
(C) A senior representative of the Department of Education, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Education.
(D) A senior representative of the Department of Justice, who shall be designated by the Attorney General.
(E) A senior representative of the Agency for International Development, who shall be designated by the Administrator of the Agency.
(F) Senior representatives of such other departments and agencies as the Chair determines to be appropriate.
(4) Representatives of the National Security Adviser and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may participate in the Working Group at the discretion of the Adviser and the Director, respectively.
(5) The Working Group shall be supported by an interagency staff office established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State.
(6) The Working Group shall have the following purposes and responsibilities:
(A) To collect, analyze, and report data provided by all United States Government departments and agencies conducting international exchanges and training programs.
(B) To promote greater understanding and cooperation among concerned United States Government departments and agencies of common issues and challenges in conducting international exchanges and training programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international exchange and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors.
(C) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective use of Federal resources, to identify administrative and programmatic duplication and overlap of activities by the various United States Government departments and agencies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, to identify how each Government-sponsored international exchange and training program promotes United States foreign policy, and to report thereon.
(D)
(i) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall develop a coordinated and cost-effective strategy for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, including an action plan with the objective of achieving a minimum of 10 percent cost savings through greater efficiency, the consolidation of programs, or the elimination of duplication, or any combination thereof.
(ii) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees setting forth the strategy and action plan required by clause (i).
(iii) Each year thereafter the Working Group shall assess the strategy and plan required by clause (i).
(E) Not later than 2 years after October 21, 1998, to develop recommendations on common performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and to issue a report.
(F) To conduct a survey of private sector international exchange activities and develop strategies for expanding public and private partnerships in, and leveraging private sector support for, United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training activities.
(G) Not later than 6 months after October 21, 1998, to report on the feasibility and advisability of transferring funds and program management for the ATLAS or the Mandela Fellows programs, or both, in South Africa from the Agency for International Development to the Department of State. The report shall include an assessment of the capabilities of the South African Fulbright Commission to manage such programs and the cost effects of consolidating such programs under one entity.
(7) All reports prepared by the Working Group shall be submitted to the President, through the Secretary of State, acting through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy.
(8) The Working Group shall meet at least on a quarterly basis.
(9) All decisions of the Working Group shall be by majority vote of the members present and voting.
(10) The members of the Working Group shall serve without additional compensation for their service on the Working Group. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with service on the Working Group shall be compensated by that member’s department or agency.
(11) With respect to any report issued under paragraph (6), a member may submit dissenting views to be submitted as part of the report of the Working Group.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There is established the John Lewis Civil Rights Fellowship Program (referred to in this section as the “Fellowship Program”) within the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program.
**(b) Purposes** The purposes of the Fellowship Program are—
(1) to honor the legacy of Representative John Lewis by promoting a greater understanding of the history and tenets of nonviolent civil rights movements; and
(2) to advance foreign policy priorities of the United States by promoting studies, research, and international exchange in the subject of nonviolent movements that established and protected civil rights around the world.
**(c) Administration** The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (referred to in this section as the “Bureau”) shall administer the Fellowship Program in accordance with policy guidelines established by the Board, in consultation with the binational Fulbright Commissions and United States Embassies.
**(d) Selection of fellows**
(1) **In general** — The Board shall annually select qualified individuals to participate in the Fellowship Program. The Bureau may determine the number of fellows selected each year, which, whenever feasible, shall be not fewer than 25.
(2) **Outreach**
(A) *In general* — To the extent practicable, the Bureau shall conduct outreach at institutions, including—
(i) minority serving institutions, including historically Black colleges and universities; and
(ii) other appropriate institutions that are likely to produce a range of qualified applicants, as determined by the Bureau.
(B) *Definitions* — In this paragraph:
(i) *Historically Black college and university* — The term “historically Black college and university” has the meaning given the term “part B institution” in [secti
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2465
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Grants or contracts for educational or cultural exchanges; participation in international fairs and expositions abroad** The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for—
(1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities—
(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries, and
(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools and institutions of learning located in or outside the United States;
and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors;
(2) cultural exchanges, by financing—
(i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished persons;
(ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment;
(iii) United States representation in international artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assemblies; and
(iv) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in nonprofit activities in the United States, including in coordination and consultation with the private sector, similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the Director of the United States Information Agency determines that such parti
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2452
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this subchapter—
(1) the term “contractor” means a National Aeronautics and Space Administration contractor to the extent that the acquisition of space hardware, space technology, or space services from the independent states of the former Soviet Union may be relevant to the contractor’s responsibilities under the contract; and
(2) the term “designated congressional committees” means the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5801
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(a) United States development cooperation policy
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Institution of higher education** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” means an educational institution in any State that—
(1) admits as regular students only persons having a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, or the recognized equivalent of such a certificate, or persons who meet the requirements of [section 1091(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1091/d&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) is legally authorized within such State to provide a program of education beyond secondary education;
(3) provides an educational program for which the institution awards a bachelor’s degree or provides not less than a 2-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward such a degree, or awards a degree that is acceptable for admission to a graduate or professional degree program, subject to review and approval by the Secretary;
(4) is a public or other nonprofit institution; and
(5) is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, or if not so accredited, is an institution that has been granted preaccreditation status by such an agency or association that has been recognized by the Secretary for the granting of preaccreditation status, and the Secretary has determined that there is satisfactory assurance that the institution will meet the accreditation standards of such an agency or association within a reasonable time.
**(b) Additional institutions included** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” also includes—
(1) any school that provides not less than a 1-year program of training to prepare students for gainful employment in a re
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1001
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Grants to States**
(1) **Purpose of grants** — The Secretary shall make grants to States, outlying areas, and freely associated States, and provide funds to the Secretary of the Interior, to assist them to provide special education and related services to children with disabilities in accordance with this subchapter.
(2) **Maximum amount** — The maximum amount of the grant a State may receive under this section—
(A) for fiscal years 2005 and 2006 is—
(i) the number of children with disabilities in the State who are receiving special education and related services—
(I) aged 3 through 5 if the State is eligible for a grant under [section 1419 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1419&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(II) aged 6 through 21; multiplied by
(ii) 40 percent of the average per-pupil expenditure in public elementary schools and secondary schools in the United States; and
(B) for fiscal year 2007 and subsequent fiscal years is—
(i) the number of children with disabilities in the 2004–2005 school year in the State who received special education and related services—
(I) aged 3 through 5 if the State is eligible for a grant under [section 1419 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1419&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(II) aged 6 through 21; multiplied by
(ii) 40 percent of the average per-pupil expenditure in public elementary schools and secondary schools in the United States; adjusted by
(iii) the rate of annual change in the sum of—
(I) 85 percent of such State’s population described in subsection (d)(3)(A)(i)(II); and
(II) 15 percent of such State’s population described in subsection (d)
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1411
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2451
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Any provision of the annual Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act that provides that assistance for Poland or Hungary under that Act may be provided “notwithstanding any other provision of law” shall not supersede any otherwise applicable provision of this chapter. This section shall not, however, be construed to apply with respect to section 599C(b) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990 (or a corresponding provision of a subsequent such appropriations Act.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5401
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Secretary of State**
(1) The Department of State shall be administered, in accordance with this Act and other provisions of law, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of State (hereinafter referred to as the “Secretary”).
(2) The Secretary, the Deputy Secretary of State, and the Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(3)
(A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law and except as provided in this section, the Secretary shall have and exercise any authority vested by law in any office or official of the Department of State. The Secretary shall administer, coordinate, and direct the Foreign Service of the United States and the personnel of the Department of State, except where authority is inherent in or vested in the President.
(B)
(i) The Secretary shall not have the authority of the Inspector General or the Chief Financial Officer.
(ii) The Secretary shall not have any authority given expressly to diplomatic or consular officers.
(4) The Secretary is authorized to promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Secretary of State and the Department of State. Unless otherwise specified in law, the Secretary may delegate authority to perform any of the functions of the Secretary or the Department to officers and employees under the direction and supervision of the Secretary. The Secretary may delegate the authority to redelegate any such functions.
**(b) Under Secretaries**
(1) **In general** — There shall be in the Department of State not more than 6 Under Secretaries of State, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and who shall b
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2651a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There shall be in the Department a Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs described in [section 2460 of title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2460&num=0&edition=prelim), which shall be responsible for the functions described in such section and such other relevant functions related to academic, cultural, and professional exchanges as the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy may prescribe.
**(b) Head of Bureau** The Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs shall be the head of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2655c
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