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49 U.S.C. § 32101 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this part (except chapter 329 and except as provided in section 33101)—
(1) “bumper standard” means a minimum performance standard that substantially reduces—
(A) the damage to the front or rear end of a passenger motor vehicle from a low-speed collision (including a collision with a fixed barrier) or from towing the vehicle; or
(B) the cost of repairing the damage.
(2) “insurer” means a person in the business of issuing, or reinsuring any part of, a passenger motor vehicle insurance policy.
(3) “interstate commerce” means commerce between a place in a State and—
(A) a place in another State; or
(B) another place in the same State through another State.
(4) “make”, when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means the trade name of the manufacturer of the vehicle.
(5) “manufacturer” means a person—
(A) manufacturing or assembling passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment; or
(B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.
(6) “model”, when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means a category of passenger motor vehicles based on the size, style, and type of a make of vehicle.
(7) “motor vehicle” means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.
(8) “motor vehicle accident” means an accident resulting from the maintenance or operation of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment.
(9) “multipurpose passenger vehicle” means a passenger motor vehicle constructed on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.
(10) “passenger motor vehicle” means a motor vehicle with motive power designed to carry not more than 12 indi
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_b10d55a380de028f16c6f798
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-49/section-32101-definitions--a8020510e7.md
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Source location: Title 49, Chapter 321, § 32101; chapter-321-general.md
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In this part (except chapter 329 and except as provided in section 33101)—
(1) “bumper standard” means a minimum performance standard that substantially reduces—
(A) the damage to the front or rear end of a passenger motor vehicle from a low-speed collision (including a collision with a fixed barrier) or from towing the vehicle; or
(B) the cost of repairing the damage.
(2) “insurer” means a person in the business of issuing, or reinsuring any part of, a passenger motor vehicle insurance policy.
(3) “interstate commerce” means commerce between a place in a State and—
(A) a place in another State; or
(B) another place in the same State through another State.
(4) “make”, when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means the trade name of the manufacturer of the vehicle.
(5) “manufacturer” means a person—
(A) manufacturing or assembling passenger motor vehicles or passenger motor vehicle equipment; or
(B) importing motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment for resale.
(6) “model”, when describing a passenger motor vehicle, means a category of passenger motor vehicles based on the size, style, and type of a make of vehicle.
(7) “motor vehicle” means a vehicle driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways, but does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.
(8) “motor vehicle accident” means an accident resulting from the maintenance or operation of a passenger motor vehicle or passenger motor vehicle equipment.
(9) “multipurpose passenger vehicle” means a passenger motor vehicle constructed on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.
(10) “passenger motor vehicle” means a motor vehicle with motive power designed to carry not more than 12 individuals, but does not include—
(A) a motorcycle; or
(B) a truck not designed primarily to carry its operator or passengers.
(11) “passenger motor vehicle equipment” means—
(A) a system, part, or component of a passenger motor vehicle as originally made;
(B) a similar part or component made or sold for replacement or improvement of a system, part, or component, or as an accessory or addition to a passenger motor vehicle; or
(C) a device made or sold for use in towing a passenger motor vehicle.
(12) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands.
(13) “United States district court” means a district court of the United States, a United States court for Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the district court for the Northern Mariana Islands.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this subchapter, “aeronautics”, “air commerce”, and “air navigation facility” have the same meanings given those terms in [section 40102(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section40102/a&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 321
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** A person who—
(1) knowingly removes, obliterates, tampers with, or alters an identification number for a motor vehicle or motor vehicle part; or
(2) with intent to further the theft of a motor vehicle, knowingly removes, obliterates, tampers with, or alters a decal or device affixed to a motor vehicle pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act,
shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, or both.
**(b)**
(1) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to a removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration by a person specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection (unless such person knows that the vehicle or part involved is stolen).
(2) The persons referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection are—
(A) a motor vehicle scrap processor or a motor vehicle demolisher who complies with applicable State law with respect to such vehicle or part;
(B) a person who repairs such vehicle or part, if the removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration is reasonably necessary for the repair;
(C) a person who restores or replaces an identification number for such vehicle or part in accordance with applicable State law; and
(D) a person who removes, obliterates, tampers with, or alters a decal or device affixed to a motor vehicle pursuant to the Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act, if that person is the owner of the motor vehicle, or is authorized to remove, obliterate, tamper with or alter the decal or device by—
(i) the owner or his authorized agent;
(ii) applicable State or local law; or
(iii) regulations promulgated by the Attorney General to implement the Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act.
**(c)** As used in this section, the term—
(1) “identification number” means a number or symbol that is inscribed or af
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 511
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever knowingly imports, exports, or attempts to import or export—
(1) any motor vehicle, off-highway mobile equipment, vessel, aircraft, or part of any motor vehicle, off-highway mobile equipment, vessel, or aircraft, knowing the same to have been stolen; or
(2) any motor vehicle or off-highway mobile equipment or part of any motor vehicle or off-highway mobile equipment, knowing that the identification number of such motor vehicle, equipment, or part has been removed, obliterated, tampered with, or altered;
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
**(b)** Subsection (a)(2) shall not apply if the removal, obliteration, tampering, or alteration—
(1) is caused by collision or fire; or
(2)
(A) in the case of a motor vehicle, is not a violation of [section 511 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section511&num=0&edition=prelim) (relating to altering or removing motor vehicle identification numbers); or
(B) in the case of off-highway mobile equipment, would not be a violation of [section 511 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section511&num=0&edition=prelim) if such equipment were a motor vehicle.
**(c)** As used in this section, the term—
(1) “motor vehicle” has the meaning given that term in [section 32101 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section32101&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) “off-highway mobile equipment” means any self-propelled agricultural equipment, self-propelled construction equipment, and self-propelled special use equipment, used or designed for running on land but not on rail or highway;
(3) “vessel” has the meaning given that term in section 401 of the T
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 553
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The Secretary shall—
(1) carry out research, development, and deployment activities that encompass the entire innovation lifecycle; and
(2) ensure that all research carried out under this section aligns with the transportation research and development strategic plan of the Secretary under [section 6503 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section6503&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Highway Research and Development Program.—**
(1) **Objectives.—** — In carrying out the highway research and development program, the Secretary, to address current and emerging highway transportation needs, shall—
(A) identify research topics;
(B) coordinate research and development activities;
(C) carry out research, testing, and evaluation activities;
(D) provide technology transfer and technical assistance;
(E) engage with public and private entities to spur advancement of emerging transformative innovations through accelerated market readiness; and
(F) consult frequently with public and private entities on new transportation technologies.
(2) **Improving highway safety.—**
(A) *In general.—* — The Secretary shall carry out research and development activities from an integrated perspective to establish and implement systematic measures to improve highway safety.
(B) *Objectives.—* — In carrying out this paragraph, the Secretary shall carry out research and development activities—
(i) to achieve greater long-term safety gains;
(ii) to reduce the number of fatalities and serious injuries on public roads;
(iii) to fill knowledge gaps that limit the effectiveness of research;
(iv) to support the development and implementation of State strategic highway safety plans;
(v) to advan
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 23 U.S.C. § 503
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General Requirements.—** The Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe motor vehicle safety standards. Each standard shall be practicable, meet the need for motor vehicle safety, and be stated in objective terms.
**(b) Considerations and Consultation.—** When prescribing a motor vehicle safety standard under this chapter, the Secretary shall—
(1) consider relevant available motor vehicle safety information;
(2) consult with the agency established under the Act of August 20, 1958 (Public Law 85–684, 72 Stat. 635), and other appropriate State or interstate authorities (including legislative committees);
(3) consider whether a proposed standard is reasonable, practicable, and appropriate for the particular type of motor vehicle or motor vehicle equipment for which it is prescribed; and
(4) consider the extent to which the standard will carry out [section 30101 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30101&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(c) Cooperation.—** The Secretary may advise, assist, and cooperate with departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the United States Government, States, and other public and private agencies in developing motor vehicle safety standards.
**(d) Effective Dates of Standards.—** The Secretary shall specify the effective date of a motor vehicle safety standard prescribed under this chapter in the order prescribing the standard. A standard may not become effective before the 180th day after the standard is prescribed or later than one year after it is prescribed. However, the Secretary may prescribe a different effective date after finding, for good cause shown, that a different effective date is in the public interest and publishing the reasons for the finding.
**(e) 5-Year Plan f
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 30111
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this section—
(1) “bus” means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer) designed to carry more than 10 individuals.
(2) “multipurpose passenger vehicle” means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer), designed to carry not more than 10 individuals, that is constructed either on a truck chassis or with special features for occasional off-road operation.
(3) “passenger car” means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a multipurpose passenger vehicle, motorcycle, or trailer) designed to carry not more than 10 individuals.
(4) “truck” means a motor vehicle with motive power (except a trailer) designed primarily to transport property or special purpose equipment.
**(b) Inflatable Restraint Requirements.—**
(1) Not later than September 1, 1993, the Secretary of Transportation shall prescribe under this chapter an amendment to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 issued under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. The amendment shall require that the automatic occupant crash protection system for both of the front outboard seating positions for each of the following vehicles be an inflatable restraint (with lap and shoulder belts) complying with the occupant protection requirements under section 4.1.2.1 of Standard 208:
(A) 95 percent of each manufacturer’s annual production of passenger cars manufactured after August 31, 1996, and before September 1, 1997.
(B) 80 percent of each manufacturer’s annual production of buses, multipurpose passenger vehicles, and trucks (except walk-in van-type trucks and vehicles designed to be sold only to the United States Postal Service) with a gross vehicle weight rating of not more than 8,500 pounds and an unloaded vehicle weight of not more than 5,500 po
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 30127
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 925
TITLE 49—TRANSPORTATION
§ 32101
(d) NONAPPLICATION.—This section does not
apply to a State that was participating in the
Regional Fuel Tax Agreement on January 1,
1991, and that continues to participate in that
Agreement after that date.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat.
1032.)
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Revised
Section
Source (U.S. Code)
Source (Statutes at Large)
31705 ..........
49:11506 (note).
Dec. 18, 1991, Pub. L. 102–240,
§ 4008(g), 105 Stat. 2154.
In subsection (b), the words ‘‘as it applies to’’ are sub-
stituted for ‘‘with respect to’’ for clarity.
In subsection (c), before clause (1), the words ‘‘a State
not participating in the Agreement when the amend-
ment is made is not subject to the conformity require-
ments of subsections (a) and (b) of this section in re-
gard to the amendment’’ are substituted for ‘‘con-
formity by a State that is not participating in such
Agreement when such amendment is made may not be
required with respect to such amendment’’ for clarity.
§ 31706. Enforcement
(a) CIVIL ACTIONS.—On request of the Sec-
retary of Transportation, the Attorney General
may bring a civil action in a court of competent
jurisdiction to enforce compliance with sections
31704 and 31705 of this title.
(b) VENUE.—An action under this section may
be brought only in the State in which an order
is required to enforce compliance.
(c) RELIEF.—Subject to section 1341 of title 28,
the court, on a proper showing—
(1) shall issue a temporary restraining order
or a preliminary or permanent injunction; and
(2) may require by the injunction that the
State or any person comply with sections 31704
and 31705 of this title.
(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat.
1033.)
HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
Revi
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 49 U.S.C. § 32101
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