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22 U.S.C. § 6401 — Voluntary codes of conduct for United States institutions of higher education outside the United States
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Finding** Congress recognizes the enduring importance of United States institutions of higher education worldwide—
(1) for their potential for shaping positive leadership and new educational models in host countries; and
(2) for their emphasis on teaching universally recognized rights of free inquiry and academic freedom.
**(b) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that United States institutions of higher education operating campuses outside the United States or establishing any educational entities with foreign governments, particularly with or in countries the governments of which engage in or tolerate severe violations of religious freedom as identified in the Annual Report, should seek to adopt a voluntary code of conduct for operating in such countries that should—
(1) uphold the right of freedom of religion of their employees and students, including the right to manifest that religion peacefully as protected in international law;
(2) ensure that the religious views and peaceful practice of religion in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status of a worker’s or faculty member’s employment or a student’s enrollment; and
(3) make every effort in all negotiations, contracts, or memoranda of understanding engaged in or constructed with a foreign government to protect academic freedom and the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_5f08fe255ad8d6c081b4f918
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-6401-voluntary-codes-of-conduct-for-united-states-institutions-of-higher-educ--620f96f6d2.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 73, § 6401; chapter-073-international-religious-freedom.md
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**(a) Finding** Congress recognizes the enduring importance of United States institutions of higher education worldwide—
(1) for their potential for shaping positive leadership and new educational models in host countries; and
(2) for their emphasis on teaching universally recognized rights of free inquiry and academic freedom.
**(b) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that United States institutions of higher education operating campuses outside the United States or establishing any educational entities with foreign governments, particularly with or in countries the governments of which engage in or tolerate severe violations of religious freedom as identified in the Annual Report, should seek to adopt a voluntary code of conduct for operating in such countries that should—
(1) uphold the right of freedom of religion of their employees and students, including the right to manifest that religion peacefully as protected in international law;
(2) ensure that the religious views and peaceful practice of religion in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status of a worker’s or faculty member’s employment or a student’s enrollment; and
(3) make every effort in all negotiations, contracts, or memoranda of understanding engaged in or constructed with a foreign government to protect academic freedom and the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Ambassador at Large** — The term “Ambassador at Large” means the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under [section 6411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6411/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Annual Report** — The term “Annual Report” means the Annual Report on International Religious Freedom described in [section 6412(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) **Appropriate congressional committees** — The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives; and
(B) in the case of any determination made with respect to the taking of President 11 So in original. Probably should be “Presidential”. action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim), the term includes the committees described in subparagraph (A) and, where appropriate, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.
(4) **Commensurate action** — The term “commensurate action” means action taken by the President under [section 6445(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(5) **Commission** — The term “Commission” means the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom established in [section 6431(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?r
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6412
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment of Office** There is established within the Department of State an Office on International Religious Freedom that shall be headed by the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under subsection (b).
**(b) Appointment** The Ambassador at Large shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall report directly to the Secretary of State.
**(c) Duties** The Ambassador at Large shall have the following responsibilities:
(1) **In general** — The primary responsibilities of the Ambassador at Large shall be to—
(A) advance the right to freedom of religion abroad, to denounce the violation of that right, and to recommend appropriate responses by the United States Government when this right is violated; and
(B) integrate United States international religious freedom policies and strategies into the foreign policy efforts of the United States.
(2) **Advisory role** — The Ambassador at Large shall be a principal adviser to the President and the principal adviser to the Secretary of State regarding matters affecting religious freedom abroad and, with advice from the Commission on International Religious Freedom, shall make recommendations regarding—
(A) the policies of the United States Government toward governments that violate freedom of religion or that fail to ensure the individual’s right to religious belief and practice; and
(B) policies to advance the right to religious freedom abroad.
(3) **Diplomatic representation** — Subject to the direction of the President and the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large is authorized to represent the United States in matters and cases relevant to religious freedom abroad in—
(A) contacts with foreign governments, intergove
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6413
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Portions of annual Human Rights Reports** The Ambassador at Large shall assist the Secretary of State in preparing those portions of the Human Rights Reports that relate to freedom of religion and freedom from discrimination based on religion and those portions of other information provided Congress under sections 2151n and 2304 of this title that relate to the right to freedom of religion.
**(b) Annual Report on International Religious Freedom**
(1) **Deadline for submission** — On May 1 of each year or the first day thereafter on which the appropriate House of Congress is in session, the Secretary of State, with the assistance of the Ambassador at Large, and taking into consideration the recommendations of the Commission, shall prepare and transmit to Congress an Annual Report on International Religious Freedom supplementing the most recent Human Rights Reports by providing additional detailed information with respect to matters involving international religious freedom. Each Annual Report shall contain the following:
(A) *Status of religious freedom* — A description of the status of religious freedom in each foreign country, including—
(i) trends toward improvement in the respect and protection of the right to religious freedom and trends toward deterioration of such right;
(ii) violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government of that country;
(iii) particularly severe violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government of that country as well as the routine denial of visa applications for religious workers;
(iv) particularly severe violations of religious freedom in that country if such country does not have a functioning government or the government of such country does not control its te
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6414
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Hearings and sessions** The Commission may, for the purpose of carrying out its duties under this subchapter, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places in the United States, take testimony and receive evidence as the Commission considers advisable to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
**(b) Information from Federal agencies** The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. Upon request of the Chairperson of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission, subject to applicable law.
**(c) Postal services** The Commission may use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
**(d) Administrative procedures** The Commission may adopt such rules and regulations, relating to administrative procedure, as may be reasonably necessary to enable it to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.
**(e) Views of the Commission** The Members of the Commission may speak in their capacity as private citizens. Statements on behalf of the Commission shall be issued in writing over the names of the Members. The Commission shall in its written statements clearly describe its statutory authority, distinguishing that authority from that of appointed or elected officials of the United States Government. Oral statements, where practicable, shall include a similar description. If a Member of the Commission is invited to speak at an event in his or her capacity as a Commissioner, the Member shall provide notice of the request to all Commissioners and the Executive Director as soon as the Commissioner becomes awa
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6433
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Not later than May 1 of each year, the Commission shall submit a report to the President, the Secretary of State, and Congress setting forth its recommendations for United States policy options based on its evaluations under [section 6432 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6432&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Classified form of report** The report may be submitted in classified form, together with a public summary of recommendations, if the classification of information would further the purposes of this chapter.
**(c) Individual or dissenting views** Each member of the Commission may include the individual or dissenting views of the member.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6434
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** There are authorized to be appropriated to the Commission $3,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2025 and 2026 to carry out the provisions of this chapter and [section 6433a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6433a&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Availability of funds** Amounts authorized to be appropriated under subsection (a) shall remain available until the earlier of—
(1) the date on which they have been expended; or
(2) the date on which the Commission is terminated under [section 6436 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6436&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(c) Limitation** In each fiscal year, the Commission shall only be authorized to expend amounts that have been appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) if the Commission—
(1) complies with the requirements set forth in [section 6433a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6433a&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(2) submits the annual financial report required under [section 6435a(e) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6435a/e&num=0&edition=prelim) to the appropriate congressional committees.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6436
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Response to particularly severe violations of religious freedom**
(1) **United States policy** — It shall be the policy of the United States—
(A) to oppose particularly severe violations of religious freedom that are or have been engaged in or tolerated by the governments of foreign countries; and
(B) to promote the right to freedom of religion in those countries through the actions described in subsection (c).
(2) **Requirement of Presidential action** — Whenever the President determines that the government of a foreign country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom, the President shall oppose such violations and promote the right to religious freedom through one or more of the actions described in subsection (c).
**(b) Designations of countries of particular concern for religious freedom**
(1) **Annual review**
(A) *In general* — Not later than 90 days after the date on which each Annual Report is submitted under [section 6412(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b&num=0&edition=prelim), the President shall—
(i) review the status of religious freedom in each foreign country to determine whether the government of that country has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom in each such country during the preceding 12 months or longer;
(ii) designate each country the government of which has engaged in or tolerated violations described in clause (i) as a country of particular concern for religious freedom; and
(iii) designate each country that engaged in or tolerated severe violations of religious freedom during the previous year, but does not meet, in the opinion of the President at the time of publicati
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6443
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The President, concurrent with the annual foreign country review required under section 402(b)(1)(A) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1)(A)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/1/A&num=0&edition=prelim)), shall—
(1) review and identify any non-state actors operating in any such reviewed country or surrounding region that have engaged in particularly severe violations of religious freedom; and
(2) designate, in a manner consistent with such Act [[22 U.S.C. 6401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], each such non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom.
**(b) Report** Whenever the President designates a non-state actor under subsection (a) as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom, the President, as soon as practicable after the designation is made, shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes the reasons for such designation.
**(c) Actions** The President should take specific actions, when practicable, to address severe violations of religious freedom of non-state actors that are designated under subsection (a)(2).
**(d) Department of State annual report** The Secretary of State should include information detailing the reasons the President designated a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a) in the Annual Report required under section 102(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6412(b)(1)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim)).
**(e) Sense of Congress** It is
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6444
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Subject to subsection (c), the President may waive, for a single, 180-day period, the application of any of the actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim) (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to a country, if the President determines and so reports to the appropriate congressional committees that—
(1) the exercise of such waiver authority would further the purposes of this chapter; or
(2) the important national interest of the United States requires the exercise of such waiver authority.
**(b) Additional authority** Subject to subsection (c), the President may waive, for any additional specified period of time after the 180-day period described in subsection (a), the application of any of the actions described in paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim) (or a commensurate substitute action) with respect to a country, if the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that—
(1) the respective foreign government has ceased the violations giving rise to the Presidential action; or
(2) the important national interest of the United States requires the exercise of such waiver authority.
**(c) Congressional notification** Not later than the date of the exercise of a waiver under subsection (a) or (b), the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the waiver or the intention to exercise the waiver, together with a detailed justification thereof.
**(d) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6449
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Subject to subsection (b), the President shall cause to be published in the Federal Register the following:
(1) **Determinations of governments, officials, and entities of particular concern** — Any designation of a country of particular concern for religious freedom under [section 6442(b)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim), together with, when applicable and to the extent practicable, the identities of the officials or entities determined to be responsible for the violations under [section 6442(b)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/2&num=0&edition=prelim). Any designation of a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under [section 6442a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442a&num=0&edition=prelim) and, if applicable and to the extent practicable, the identities of individuals determined to be responsible for violations described in subsection (f) of such section.
(2) **Presidential actions** — A description of any Presidential action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim) (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) and the effective date of the Presidential action.
(3) **Delays in transmittal of Presidential action reports** — Any delay in transmittal of a Presidential action report, as described in [section 6444(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6444/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(4) **Waivers** — Any waiver unde
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6450
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