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22 U.S.C. § 6412 — Definitions

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 6412 — Definitions

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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_af0c82e9f8961abb4dde713f
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-6412-definitions--1f3ded87eb.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 73, § 6412; chapter-073-international-religious-freedom.md

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In this chapter: (1) **Ambassador at Large** — The term “Ambassador at Large” means the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under [section 6411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6411/b&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) **Annual Report** — The term “Annual Report” means the Annual Report on International Religious Freedom described in [section 6412(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b&num=0&edition=prelim). (3) **Appropriate congressional committees** — The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives; and (B) in the case of any determination made with respect to the taking of President 11 So in original. Probably should be “Presidential”. action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim), the term includes the committees described in subparagraph (A) and, where appropriate, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate. (4) **Commensurate action** — The term “commensurate action” means action taken by the President under [section 6445(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/b&num=0&edition=prelim). (5) **Commission** — The term “Commission” means the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom established in [section 6431(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6431/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (6) **Country Reports on Human Rights Practices** — The term “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices” means the annual reports required to be submitted by the Department of State to Congress under sections 2151n(d) and 2304(b) of this title. (7) **Executive Summary** — The term “Executive Summary” means the Executive Summary to the Annual Report, as described in [section 6412(b)(1)(F) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b/1/F&num=0&edition=prelim). (8) **Government or foreign government** — The term “government” or “foreign government” includes any agency or instrumentality of the government. (9) **Human Rights Reports** — The term “Human Rights Reports” means all reports submitted by the Department of State to Congress under sections 2151n and 2304 of this title. (10) **Institution of higher education** — The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given that term in [section 1001 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1001&num=0&edition=prelim). (11) **Non-state actor** — The term “non-state actor” means a nonsovereign entity that— (A) exercises significant political power and territorial control; (B) is outside the control of a sovereign government; and (C) often employs violence in pursuit of its objectives. (12) **Office** — The term “Office” means the Office on International Religious Freedom established in [section 6411(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6411/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (13) **Particularly severe violations of religious freedom** — The term “particularly severe violations of religious freedom” means systematic, ongoing, egregious violations of religious freedom, including violations such as— (A) torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; (B) prolonged detention without charges; (C) causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction or clandestine detention of those persons; or (D) other flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, or the security of persons. (14) **Special Adviser** — The term “Special Adviser” means the Special Adviser to the President on International Religious Freedom described in [section 3021(i) of title 50](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section3021/i&num=0&edition=prelim).22 See References in Text note below. (15) **Special Watch List** — The term “Special Watch List” means the Special Watch List described in [section 6442(b)(1)(A)(iii) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/1/A/iii&num=0&edition=prelim). (16) **Violations of religious freedom** — The term “violations of religious freedom” means violations of the internationally recognized right to freedom of religion and religious belief and practice, as set forth in the international instruments referred to in [section 6401(a)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401/a/2&num=0&edition=prelim) and as described in [section 6401(a)(3) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401/a/3&num=0&edition=prelim), including violations such as— (A) arbitrary prohibitions on, restrictions of, or punishment for— (i) assembling for peaceful religious activities such as worship, preaching, and prayer, including arbitrary registration requirements; (ii) speaking freely about one’s religious beliefs; (iii) changing one’s religious beliefs and affiliation; (iv) not professing a particular religion, or any religion; (v) possession and distribution of religious literature, including Bibles; or (vi) raising one’s children in the religious teachings and practices of one’s choice; or (B) any of the following acts if committed on account of an individual’s conscience, non-theistic views, or religious belief or practice: detention, interrogation, imposition of an onerous financial penalty, forced labor, forced mass resettlement, imprisonment, forced religious conversion, forcibly compelling non-believers or non-theists to recant their beliefs or to convert, beating, torture, mutilation, rape, enslavement, murder, and execution.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 6401 — Voluntary codes of conduct for United States institutions of higher education outside the United States

**(a) Finding** Congress recognizes the enduring importance of United States institutions of higher education worldwide— (1) for their potential for shaping positive leadership and new educational models in host countries; and (2) for their emphasis on teaching universally recognized rights of free inquiry and academic freedom. **(b) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that United States institutions of higher education operating campuses outside the United States or establishing any educational entities with foreign governments, particularly with or in countries the governments of which engage in or tolerate severe violations of religious freedom as identified in the Annual Report, should seek to adopt a voluntary code of conduct for operating in such countries that should— (1) uphold the right of freedom of religion of their employees and students, including the right to manifest that religion peacefully as protected in international law; (2) ensure that the religious views and peaceful practice of religion in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status of a worker’s or faculty member’s employment or a student’s enrollment; and (3) make every effort in all negotiations, contracts, or memoranda of understanding engaged in or constructed with a foreign government to protect academic freedom and the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6401

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1001 — General definition of institution of higher education

**(a) Institution of higher education** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” means an educational institution in any State that— (1) admits as regular students only persons having a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, or the recognized equivalent of such a certificate, or persons who meet the requirements of [section 1091(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1091/d&num=0&edition=prelim); (2) is legally authorized within such State to provide a program of education beyond secondary education; (3) provides an educational program for which the institution awards a bachelor’s degree or provides not less than a 2-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward such a degree, or awards a degree that is acceptable for admission to a graduate or professional degree program, subject to review and approval by the Secretary; (4) is a public or other nonprofit institution; and (5) is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, or if not so accredited, is an institution that has been granted preaccreditation status by such an agency or association that has been recognized by the Secretary for the granting of preaccreditation status, and the Secretary has determined that there is satisfactory assurance that the institution will meet the accreditation standards of such an agency or association within a reasonable time. **(b) Additional institutions included** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” also includes— (1) any school that provides not less than a 1-year program of training to prepare students for gainful employment in a re

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1001

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 6411 — Findings; policy

**(a) Findings** Congress makes the following findings: (1) The right to freedom of religion undergirds the very origin and existence of the United States. Many of our Nation’s founders fled religious persecution abroad, cherishing in their hearts and minds the ideal of religious freedom. They established in law, as a fundamental right and as a pillar of our Nation, the right to freedom of religion. From its birth to this day, the United States has prized this legacy of religious freedom and honored this heritage by standing for religious freedom and offering refuge to those suffering religious persecution. (2) Freedom of religious belief and practice is a universal human right and fundamental freedom articulated in numerous international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Helsinki Accords, the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, the United Nations Charter, and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. (3) Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes that “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.”. Article 18(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes that “Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6411

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 6413 — Office on International Religious Freedom; Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom

**(a) Establishment of Office** There is established within the Department of State an Office on International Religious Freedom that shall be headed by the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under subsection (b). **(b) Appointment** The Ambassador at Large shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall report directly to the Secretary of State. **(c) Duties** The Ambassador at Large shall have the following responsibilities: (1) **In general** — The primary responsibilities of the Ambassador at Large shall be to— (A) advance the right to freedom of religion abroad, to denounce the violation of that right, and to recommend appropriate responses by the United States Government when this right is violated; and (B) integrate United States international religious freedom policies and strategies into the foreign policy efforts of the United States. (2) **Advisory role** — The Ambassador at Large shall be a principal adviser to the President and the principal adviser to the Secretary of State regarding matters affecting religious freedom abroad and, with advice from the Commission on International Religious Freedom, shall make recommendations regarding— (A) the policies of the United States Government toward governments that violate freedom of religion or that fail to ensure the individual’s right to religious belief and practice; and (B) policies to advance the right to religious freedom abroad. (3) **Diplomatic representation** — Subject to the direction of the President and the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large is authorized to represent the United States in matters and cases relevant to religious freedom abroad in— (A) contacts with foreign governments, intergove

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6413

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 6412 — Reports

Page 1801 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 6412 Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘responsibilities’’ for ‘‘responsibility’’, in- serted dash after ‘‘shall be to’’, designated remainder of existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted ‘‘; and’’ for period at end, and added subpar. (B). Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(B), inserted ‘‘the principal adviser to’’ before ‘‘the Secretary of State’’ in introductory provisions. Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(C), added subpar. (C). Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(D), (E), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(3), substituted ‘‘appropriate staff for the Office, including full-time equivalent positions and other temporary staff posi- tions needed to compile, edit, and manage the Annual Report under the direct supervision of the Ambassador at Large, and for the conduct of investigations by the Office and for necessary travel to carry out this chap- ter. The Secretary of State should provide the Ambas- sador at Large with sufficient funding to carry out the duties described in this section, including, as nec- essary, representation funds. On the date on which the President’s annual budget request is submitted to Con- gress, the Secretary shall submit an annual report to the appropriate congressional committees that in- cludes a report on staffing levels for the International Religious Freedom Office.’’ for ‘‘staff for the Office, for the conduct of investigations by the Office, and for nec- essary travel to carry out the provisions of this sec- tion.’’ Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries NEAR EAST AND SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Pub. L. 113–161, Aug.

Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 6412

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