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22 U.S.C. § 6444 — Non-state actor designations
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The President, concurrent with the annual foreign country review required under section 402(b)(1)(A) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1)(A)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/1/A&num=0&edition=prelim)), shall—
(1) review and identify any non-state actors operating in any such reviewed country or surrounding region that have engaged in particularly severe violations of religious freedom; and
(2) designate, in a manner consistent with such Act [[22 U.S.C. 6401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], each such non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom.
**(b) Report** Whenever the President designates a non-state actor under subsection (a) as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom, the President, as soon as practicable after the designation is made, shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes the reasons for such designation.
**(c) Actions** The President should take specific actions, when practicable, to address severe violations of religious freedom of non-state actors that are designated under subsection (a)(2).
**(d) Department of State annual report** The Secretary of State should include information detailing the reasons the President designated a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a) in the Annual Report required under section 102(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6412(b)(1)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim)).
**(e) Sense of Congress** It is
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-6444-non-state-actor-designations--30802f95bd.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 73, § 6444; chapter-073-international-religious-freedom.md
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**(a) In general** The President, concurrent with the annual foreign country review required under section 402(b)(1)(A) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6442(b)(1)(A)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442/b/1/A&num=0&edition=prelim)), shall—
(1) review and identify any non-state actors operating in any such reviewed country or surrounding region that have engaged in particularly severe violations of religious freedom; and
(2) designate, in a manner consistent with such Act [[22 U.S.C. 6401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], each such non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom.
**(b) Report** Whenever the President designates a non-state actor under subsection (a) as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom, the President, as soon as practicable after the designation is made, shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes the reasons for such designation.
**(c) Actions** The President should take specific actions, when practicable, to address severe violations of religious freedom of non-state actors that are designated under subsection (a)(2).
**(d) Department of State annual report** The Secretary of State should include information detailing the reasons the President designated a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a) in the Annual Report required under section 102(b)(1) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6412(b)(1)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim)).
**(e) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that—
(1) the Secretary of State should work with Congress and the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom—
(A) to create new political, financial, and diplomatic tools to address severe violations of religious freedom by non-state actors; and
(B) to update the actions the President can take under section 405 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6445](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445&num=0&edition=prelim));
(2) governments must ultimately be held accountable for the abuses that occur in their territories; and
(3) any actions the President takes after designating a non-state actor as an entity of particular concern should also involve high-level diplomacy with the government of the country in which the non-state actor is operating.
**(f) Determinations of responsible parties** In order to appropriately target Presidential actions under the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), the President, with respect to each non-state actor designated as an entity of particular concern for religious freedom under subsection (a), shall seek to determine, to the extent practicable, the specific officials or members that are responsible for the particularly severe violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by such non-state actor.
**(g) Definitions** In this section, the terms “appropriate congressional committees”, “non-state actor”, and “particularly severe violations of religious freedom” have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 ([22 U.S.C. 6402](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6402&num=0&edition=prelim)), as amended by section 3 of this Act.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** As soon as practicable after the President decides to take action under [section 6441 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6441&num=0&edition=prelim) in response to violations of religious freedom and the President decides to take action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim) (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to that country, or not later than 90 days after the President designates a country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom under [section 6442 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6442&num=0&edition=prelim), as the case may be, the President shall carry out the consultations required in this section.
**(b) Duty to consult with foreign governments prior to taking Presidential actions**
(1) **In general** — The President shall—
(A) request consultation with the government of such country regarding the violations giving rise to designation of that country as a country of particular concern for religious freedom or to Presidential action under [section 6441 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6441&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(B) if agreed to, enter into such consultations, privately or publicly.
(2) **Use of multilateral fora** — If the President determines it to be appropriate, such consultations may be sought and may occur in a multilateral forum, but, in any event, the President shall consult with appropriate foreign governments for the purposes of achieving a coordinated international policy on action
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6445
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Response to violations of religious freedom**
(1) **In general**
(A) *United States policy* — It shall be the policy of the United States—
(i) to oppose violations of religious freedom that are or have been engaged in or tolerated by the governments of foreign countries; and
(ii) to promote the right to freedom of religion in those countries through the actions described in subsection (b).
(B) *Requirement of Presidential action* — For each foreign country the government of which engages in or tolerates violations of religious freedom, the President shall oppose such violations and promote the right to freedom of religion in that country through the actions described in subsection (b).
(2) **Basis of actions** — Each action taken under paragraph (1)(B) shall be based upon information regarding violations of religious freedom, as described in the latest Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the Annual Report and Executive Summary, and on any other evidence available, and shall take into account any findings or recommendations by the Commission with respect to the foreign country.
**(b) Presidential actions**
(1) **In general** — Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the President, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large, the Special Adviser, and the Commission, shall, as expeditiously as practicable in response to the violations described in subsection (a) by the government of a foreign country—
(A) take one or more of the actions described in paragraphs (1) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim) (or commensurate action in substitution thereto) with respect to such country; or
(B) negotiate and en
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6442a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Finding** Congress recognizes the enduring importance of United States institutions of higher education worldwide—
(1) for their potential for shaping positive leadership and new educational models in host countries; and
(2) for their emphasis on teaching universally recognized rights of free inquiry and academic freedom.
**(b) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that United States institutions of higher education operating campuses outside the United States or establishing any educational entities with foreign governments, particularly with or in countries the governments of which engage in or tolerate severe violations of religious freedom as identified in the Annual Report, should seek to adopt a voluntary code of conduct for operating in such countries that should—
(1) uphold the right of freedom of religion of their employees and students, including the right to manifest that religion peacefully as protected in international law;
(2) ensure that the religious views and peaceful practice of religion in no way affect, or be allowed to affect, the status of a worker’s or faculty member’s employment or a student’s enrollment; and
(3) make every effort in all negotiations, contracts, or memoranda of understanding engaged in or constructed with a foreign government to protect academic freedom and the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6401
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President of the United States is authorized to designate and empower the head of any department or agency in the executive branch, or any official thereof who is required to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to perform without approval, ratification, or other action by the President (1) any function which is vested in the President by law, or (2) any function which such officer is required or authorized by law to perform only with or subject to the approval, ratification, or other action of the President: Provided, That nothing contained herein shall relieve the President of his responsibility in office for the acts of any such head or other official designated by him to perform such functions. Such designation and authorization shall be in writing, shall be published in the Federal Register, shall be subject to such terms, conditions, and limitations as the President may deem advisable, and shall be revocable at any time by the President in whole or in part.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
It is the sense of Congress that the annual national security strategy report of the President required under [section 3043 of title 50](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section3043&num=0&edition=prelim)—
(1) should promote international religious freedom as a foreign policy and national security priority; and
(2) should articulate that promotion of the right to freedom of religion is a strategy that—
(A) protects other, related human rights, and advances democracy outside the United States; and
(B) makes clear its importance to United States foreign policy goals of stability, security, development, and diplomacy;
(3) should be a guide for the strategies and activities of relevant Federal agencies; and
(4) should inform the Department of Defense quadrennial defense review under section 118 11 See References in Text note below. of title 10 and the Department of State Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6402
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1795
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 6401
vice’’, and ‘‘special nuclear material’’ have the
meanings given those terms in section 6305 of
this title.
(Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 844, Apr. 30, 1994, 108
Stat. 524.)
CHAPTER 73—INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM
Sec.
6401.
Findings; policy.
6402.
Definitions.
SUBCHAPTER I—DEPARTMENT OF STATE
ACTIVITIES
6411.
Office on International Religious Freedom;
Ambassador at Large for International Re-
ligious Freedom.
6412.
Reports.
6413.
Establishment of religious freedom Internet
site.
6414.
High-level contacts with nongovernmental
organizations.
6415.
Programs and allocations of funds by United
States missions abroad.
6416.
Equal access to United States missions
abroad for conducting religious activities.
6417.
Prisoner lists and issue briefs on religious
freedom concerns.
SUBCHAPTER II—COMMISSION ON
INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
6431.
Establishment and composition.
6432.
Duties of Commission.
6432a.
Powers of the Commission.
6432b.
Commission personnel matters.
6433.
Report of Commission.
6433a.
Strategic plan.
6434.
Applicability of other laws.
6435.
Authorization of appropriations.
6435a.
Standards of conduct and disclosure.
6436.
Termination.
SUBCHAPTER III—PRESIDENTIAL ACTIONS
PART A—TARGETED RESPONSES TO VIOLATIONS OF
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ABROAD
6441.
Presidential actions in response to violations
of religious freedom.
6442.
Presidential actions in response to particu-
larly severe violations of religious freedom.
6442a.
Non-state actor designations.
6443.
Consultations.
6444.
Report to Congress.
6445.
Description of Presidential actions.
6446.
Effects on existing contracts.
6447.
Presidential waiver.
6448.
Publication in Federal R
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 6401
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1798
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 6402
1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘Presidential’’.
spaces for all faiths; and to protect and preserve the
cultural heritages of religious communities.
(b) Executive departments and agencies (agencies)
that fund foreign assistance programs shall ensure that
faith-based and religious entities, including eligible en-
tities in foreign countries, are not discriminated
against on the basis of religious identity or religious
belief when competing for Federal funding, to the ex-
tent permitted by law.
SEC. 4. Integrating International Religious Freedom into
United States Diplomacy. (a) The Secretary shall direct
Chiefs of Mission in countries of particular concern,
countries on the Special Watch List, countries in which
there are entities of particular concern, and any other
countries that have engaged in or tolerated violations
of religious freedom as noted in the Annual Report on
International Religious Freedom required by section
102(b) of the International Religious Freedom Act of
1998 (Public Law 105–292) [22 U.S.C. 6412(b)], as amended
(the ‘‘Act’’), to develop comprehensive action plans to
inform and support the efforts of the United States to
advance international religious freedom and to encour-
age the host governments to make progress in elimi-
nating violations of religious freedom.
(b) In meetings with their counterparts in foreign
governments, the heads of agencies shall, when appro-
priate and in coordination with the Secretary, raise
concerns about international religious freedom and
cases that involve individuals imprisoned because of
their religion.
(c) The Secretary shall advocate for United States
international religious freedom policy in both bilateral
and multilate
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 6402
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Ambassador at Large** — The term “Ambassador at Large” means the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom appointed under [section 6411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6411/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Annual Report** — The term “Annual Report” means the Annual Report on International Religious Freedom described in [section 6412(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6412/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) **Appropriate congressional committees** — The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives; and
(B) in the case of any determination made with respect to the taking of President 11 So in original. Probably should be “Presidential”. action under paragraphs (9) through (15) of [section 6445(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/a&num=0&edition=prelim), the term includes the committees described in subparagraph (A) and, where appropriate, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.
(4) **Commensurate action** — The term “commensurate action” means action taken by the President under [section 6445(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6445/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
(5) **Commission** — The term “Commission” means the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom established in [section 6431(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?r
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6412
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1801
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 6412
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(A), sub-
stituted ‘‘responsibilities’’ for ‘‘responsibility’’, in-
serted dash after ‘‘shall be to’’, designated remainder of
existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted ‘‘; and’’
for period at end, and added subpar. (B).
Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(B), inserted
‘‘the principal adviser to’’ before ‘‘the Secretary of
State’’ in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c)(3)(C). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(C), added
subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(2)(D), (E),
added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–281, § 101(a)(3), substituted
‘‘appropriate staff for the Office, including full-time
equivalent positions and other temporary staff posi-
tions needed to compile, edit, and manage the Annual
Report under the direct supervision of the Ambassador
at Large, and for the conduct of investigations by the
Office and for necessary travel to carry out this chap-
ter. The Secretary of State should provide the Ambas-
sador at Large with sufficient funding to carry out the
duties described in this section, including, as nec-
essary, representation funds. On the date on which the
President’s annual budget request is submitted to Con-
gress, the Secretary shall submit an annual report to
the appropriate congressional committees that in-
cludes a report on staffing levels for the International
Religious Freedom Office.’’ for ‘‘staff for the Office, for
the conduct of investigations by the Office, and for nec-
essary travel to carry out the provisions of this sec-
tion.’’
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
NEAR EAST AND SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM
Pub. L. 113–161, Aug.
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 6412
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Commission shall terminate on September 30, 2026.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 6442
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