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22 U.S.C. § 5411 — Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Program
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) SEED Program** The United States shall implement, beginning in fiscal year 1990, a concerted Program of Support for East European Democracy (which may also be referred to as the “SEED Program”). The SEED Program shall be comprised of diverse undertakings designed to provide cost-effective assistance to those countries of Eastern Europe that have taken substantive steps toward institutionalizing political democracy and economic pluralism.
**(b) Objectives of SEED assistance** The President should ensure that the assistance provided to East European countries pursuant to this chapter is designed—
(1) to contribute to the development of democratic institutions and political pluralism characterized by—
(A) the establishment of fully democratic and representative political systems based on free and fair elections,
(B) effective recognition of fundamental liberties and individual freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, and association,
(C) termination of all laws and regulations which impede the operation of a free press and the formation of political parties,
(D) creation of an independent judiciary, and
(E) establishment of non-partisan military, security, and police forces;
(2) to promote the development of a free market economic system characterized by—
(A) privatization of economic entities,
(B) establishment of full rights to acquire and hold private property, including land and the benefits of contractual relations,
(C) simplification of regulatory controls regarding the establishment and operation of businesses,
(D) dismantlement of all wage and price controls,
(E) removal of trade restrictions, including on both imports and exports,
(F) liberalization of investment and capital, including the repatriation of profits b
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-5411-support-for-east-european-democracy-seed-program--f1d2332971.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 63, § 5411; chapter-063-support-for-east-european-democracy-seed.md
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**(a) SEED Program** The United States shall implement, beginning in fiscal year 1990, a concerted Program of Support for East European Democracy (which may also be referred to as the “SEED Program”). The SEED Program shall be comprised of diverse undertakings designed to provide cost-effective assistance to those countries of Eastern Europe that have taken substantive steps toward institutionalizing political democracy and economic pluralism.
**(b) Objectives of SEED assistance** The President should ensure that the assistance provided to East European countries pursuant to this chapter is designed—
(1) to contribute to the development of democratic institutions and political pluralism characterized by—
(A) the establishment of fully democratic and representative political systems based on free and fair elections,
(B) effective recognition of fundamental liberties and individual freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, and association,
(C) termination of all laws and regulations which impede the operation of a free press and the formation of political parties,
(D) creation of an independent judiciary, and
(E) establishment of non-partisan military, security, and police forces;
(2) to promote the development of a free market economic system characterized by—
(A) privatization of economic entities,
(B) establishment of full rights to acquire and hold private property, including land and the benefits of contractual relations,
(C) simplification of regulatory controls regarding the establishment and operation of businesses,
(D) dismantlement of all wage and price controls,
(E) removal of trade restrictions, including on both imports and exports,
(F) liberalization of investment and capital, including the repatriation of profits by foreign investors;
(G) tax policies which provide incentives for economic activity and investment,
(H) establishment of rights to own and operate private banks and other financial service firms, as well as unrestricted access to private sources of credit, and
(I) access to a market for stocks, bonds, and other instruments through which individuals may invest in the private sector; and
(3) not to contribute any substantial benefit—
(A) to Communist or other political parties or organizations which are not committed to respect for the democratic process, or
(B) to the defense or security forces of any member country of the Warsaw Pact.
**(c) SEED Actions** Assistance and other activities under the SEED Program (which may be referred to as “SEED Actions”) shall include activities such as the following:
(1) **Leadership in the World Bank and International Monetary Fund** — United States leadership in supporting—
(A) loans by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliated institutions in the World Bank group that are designed to modernize industry, agriculture, and infrastructure, and
(B) International Monetary Fund programs designed to stimulate sound economic growth.
(2) **Currency stabilization loans** — United States leadership in supporting multilateral agreement to provide government-to-government loans for currency stabilization where such loans can reduce inflation and thereby foster conditions necessary for the effective implementation of economic reforms.
(3) **Debt reduction and rescheduling** — Participation in multilateral activities aimed at reducing and rescheduling a country’s international debt, when reduction and deferral of debt payments can assist the process of political and economic transition.
(4) **Agricultural assistance** — Assistance through the grant and concessional sale of food and other agricultural commodities and products when such assistance can ease critical shortages but not inhibit agricultural production and marketing in the recipient country.
(5) **Enterprise Funds** — Grants to support private, nonprofit “Enterprise Funds”, designated by the President pursuant to law and governed by a Board of Directors, which undertake loans, grants, equity investments, feasibility studies, technical assistance, training, and other forms of assistance to private enterprise activities in the Eastern European country for which the Enterprise Fund so is designated.
(6) **Labor market-oriented technical assistance** — Technical assistance programs directed at promoting labor market reforms and facilitating economic adjustment.
(7) **Technical training** — Programs to provide technical skills to assist in the development of a market economy.
(8) **Peace Corps** — Establishment of Peace Corps programs.
(9) **Support for indigenous credit unions** — Support for the establishment of indigenous credit unions.
(10) **Generalized System of Preferences** — Eligibility for trade benefits under the Generalized System of Preferences.
(11) **Normal trade relations** — The granting of temporary or permanent nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of an East European country through the application of the criteria and procedures established by [section 2432 of title 19](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2432&num=0&edition=prelim) (commonly referred to as the “Jackson-Vanik amendment”).
(12) **United States International Development Finance Corporation** — Programs of the United States International Development Finance Corporation.
(13) **Export-Import Bank programs** — Programs of the Export-Import Bank of the United States.
(14) **Trade and Development Program activities** — Trade and Development Agency activities under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [[22 U.S.C. 2151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
(15) **Investment treaties** — Negotiation of bilateral investment treaties.
(16) **Special tax treatment of below-market loans** — Exempting bonds from Internal Revenue Code [title 26] rules relating to below-market loans.
(17) **Exchange activities** — Expanded exchange activities under the Fulbright, International Visitors, and other programs conducted by the United States Information Agency.
(18) **Cultural centers** — Contributions toward the establishment of reciprocal cultural centers that can facilitate educational and cultural exchange and expanded understanding of Western social democracy.
(19) **Sister institutions** — Establishment of sister institution programs between American and East European schools and universities, towns and cities, and other organizations in such fields as medicine and health care, business management, environmental protection, and agriculture.
(20) **Scholarships** — Scholarships to enable students to study in the United States.
(21) **Science and technology exchanges** — Grants for the implementation of bilateral agreements providing for cooperation in science and technology exchange.
(22) **Assistance for democratic institutions** — Assistance designed to support the development of legal, legislative, electoral, journalistic, and other institutions of free, pluralist societies.
(23) **Environmental assistance** — Environmental assistance directed at overcoming crucial deficiencies in air and water quality and other determinants of a healthful society.
(24) **Medical assistance** — Medical assistance specifically targeted to overcome severe deficiencies in pharmaceuticals and other basic health supplies.
(25) **Encouragement for private investment and voluntary assistance** — Encouraging private investment and voluntary private assistance, using a variety of means including a SEED Information Center System and the provision by the Department of Defense of transportation for private nonfinancial contributions.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Federal credit unions shall be under the supervision of the Board, and shall make financial reports to it as and when it may require, but at least annually. Each Federal credit union shall be subject to examination by, and for this purpose shall make its books and records accessible to, any person designated by the Board.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 12 U.S.C. § 1757
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General authority**
(1) **Assurance to Export-Import Bank of repayment** — The President is authorized to provide guarantees to the Bank for liabilities described in paragraph (2) in order to satisfy the requirement of section 2(b)(1)(B) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 ([12 U.S.C. 635(b)(1)(B)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section635/b/1/B&num=0&edition=prelim)) that the Bank have 11 So in original. Probably should be “has”. reasonable assurance of repayment.
(2) **Liabilities which may be guaranteed** — The liabilities that may be guaranteed under paragraph (1) are liabilities incurred by the Bank in connection with guarantees or insurance provided under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [[12 U.S.C. 635](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title12-section635&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] for financing for transactions involving the export of goods and services for the use of the private sector in Poland.
**(b) Guarantees available only for short-term guarantees and insurance** Guarantees provided under subsection (a) shall be for short-term guarantees and insurance extended by the Bank which shall be repayable within a period not to exceed one year from the date of arrival at the port of importation of the goods and services covered by such guarantees or insurance.
**(c) Agreement on criteria and procedures** Guarantees or insurance extended by the Bank and guaranteed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be provided by the Bank in accordance with criteria and procedures agreed to by the Administrator and the Bank.
**(d) Reserve fund** The agreement referred to in subsection (c) shall also provide for the establishment of a reserve fund by the administering agency, with such funds made avail
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2185
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Subsections (g), (l), (m), and (n) of [section 2197 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2197&num=0&edition=prelim) shall apply with respect to the Corporation to the same extent and in the same manner as such subsections applied with respect to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation on the day before October 5, 2018.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 9681
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Sections 2451 to 2451b were omitted pursuant to section 2451b(c), which provided that this part ceased to be effective 12 years after the date of entry into force of the Protocol of Accession of the People’s Republic of China to the World Trade Organization, which date was Dec. 11, 2001.
Section 2451, Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 421, as added Pub. L. 106–286, div. A, title I, § 103(a)(3), Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 882; amended Pub. L. 108–429, title II, § 2004(d)(3), Dec. 3, 2004, 118 Stat. 2592, related to action to address market disruption.
Section 2451a, Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 422, as added Pub. L. 106–286, div. A, title I, § 103(a)(3), Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 887; amended Pub. L. 108–429, title II, § 2004(d)(4), Dec. 3, 2004, 118 Stat. 2592, related to action in response to trade diversion.
Section 2451b, Pub. L. 93–618, title IV, § 423, as added Pub. L. 106–286, div. A, title I, § 103(a)(3), Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 890, related to regulations; termination of provision.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2462
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Encouraging private contributions** It is the sense of the Congress that the President should take all possible steps to encourage across the Nation a massive outpouring of private contributions of money and nonperishable foods, to be collected by civic, religious, school, and youth organizations, for assistance to Poland and to refugees from Romania who are in Hungary.
**(b) Transportation to Poland of private contributions** In further 11 So in original. Probably should be “furtherance”. of subsection (a), the President—
(1) using all available authorities, including [section 402 of title 10](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section402&num=0&edition=prelim) (relating to transportation of humanitarian relief supplies), should use resources of the Department of Defense (including the National Guard) to transport nonfinancial private contributions to Poland,22 So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon.
(2) should request additional authorities as needed for the use of those resources for that purpose; and
(3) should encourage maximum participation by such recognized private and voluntary organizations as the Polish-American Congress in the transportation of nonfinancial private contributions to Poland.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5471
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Agricultural assistance strategy**
(1) **United States assistance** — A principal component of the SEED Program shall be the provision by the United States of food and other agricultural commodities and products to alleviate crucial shortages that may be created in an East European country by the transition from state-directed controls to a free market economy.
(2) **Assistance from other countries** — In order to ensure the necessary quantity and diversity of agricultural assistance for that purpose, the United States shall take all appropriate steps to encourage parallel efforts by the European Community and other agricultural surplus countries.
(3) **Avoiding disincentives to private agricultural production and marketing** — In participating in such multilateral agricultural assistance, the United States shall seek to strike a balance wherein agricultural commodities and products are supplied in such quantities as will be effective in overcoming severe shortages and dampening inflation but without impeding the development of incentives for private agricultural production and marketing in the recipient country.
**(b) Agricultural assistance for Poland** Pursuant to [section 5411(b)(3) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5411/b/3&num=0&edition=prelim), the United States Government—
(1) shall make available to Poland, in coordination with the European Community, United States agricultural assistance—
(A) to alleviate immediate food shortages (such assistance to be specifically targeted toward elements of the Polish population most vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition, in particular the infirm, the elderly, and children), and
(B) to facilitate the transition from state-directed controls to a free ma
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5421
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Trade enforcement priorities, consultations, and report**
(1) **Trade enforcement priorities consultations** — Not later than May 31 of each calendar year that begins after February 24, 2016, the United States Trade Representative (in this section referred to as the “Trade Representative”) shall consult with the Committee on Finance of the Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives with respect to the prioritization of acts, policies, or practices of foreign governments that raise concerns with respect to obligations under the WTO Agreements or any other trade agreement to which the United States is a party, or otherwise create or maintain barriers to United States goods, services, or investment.
(2) **Identification of trade enforcement priorities** — In identifying acts, policies, or practices of foreign governments as trade enforcement priorities under this subsection, the Trade Representative shall focus on those acts, policies, and practices the elimination of which is likely to have the most significant potential to increase United States economic growth, and take into account all relevant factors, including—
(A) the economic significance of any potential inconsistency between an obligation assumed by a foreign government pursuant to a trade agreement to which both the foreign government and the United States are parties and the acts, policies, or practices of that government;
(B) the impact of the acts, policies, or practices of a foreign government on maintaining and creating United States jobs and productive capacity;
(C) the major barriers and trade distorting practices described in the most recent National Trade Estimate required under [section 2241(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=gran
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(a) United States development cooperation policy
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Treatment of gift loans and demand loans**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of this title, in the case of any below-market loan to which this section applies and which is a gift loan or a demand loan, the forgone interest shall be treated as—
(A) transferred from the lender to the borrower, and
(B) retransferred by the borrower to the lender as interest.
(2) **Time when transfers made** — Except as otherwise provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, any forgone interest attributable to periods during any calendar year shall be treated as transferred (and retransferred) under paragraph (1) on the last day of such calendar year.
**(b) Treatment of other below-market loans**
(1) **In general** — For purposes of this title, in the case of any below-market loan to which this section applies and to which subsection (a)(1) does not apply, the lender shall be treated as having transferred on the date the loan was made (or, if later, on the first day on which this section applies to such loan), and the borrower shall be treated as having received on such date, cash in an amount equal to the excess of—
(A) the amount loaned, over
(B) the present value of all payments which are required to be made under the terms of the loan.
(2) **Obligation treated as having original issue discount** — For purposes of this title—
(A) *In general* — Any below-market loan to which paragraph (1) applies shall be treated as having original issue discount in an amount equal to the excess described in paragraph (1).
(B) *Amount in addition to other original issue discount* — Any original issue discount which a loan is treated as having by reason of subparagraph (A) shall be in addition to any other original issue discount on such loan (determined without regard
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 26 U.S.C. § 7872
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Immediate emergency assistance** To the extent that the ongoing International Monetary Fund review of the Polish economy projects a probable balance of payments shortage for the fourth quarter of 1989, the United States Government, in carrying out paragraph (1) of [section 5411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5411/b&num=0&edition=prelim)—
(1) should work closely with the European Community and international financial institutions to determine the extent of emergency assistance required by Poland for the fourth quarter of 1989, and
(2) should consider extending a bridge loan to relieve immediate and urgent balance of payments requirements using the Exchange Stabilization Fund in accordance with paragraph (1)(A) of [section 5411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5411/b&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Immediate, multilateral response to Poland’s economic stabilization needs** In furtherance of [section 5411(b)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5411/b/1&num=0&edition=prelim), the President, acting in coordination with the European Community, should seek to ensure that the industrialized democracies undertake an immediate, multilateral effort to respond to Poland’s request for $1,000,000,000 to support its economic stabilization program.
**(c) Additional authority to provide stabilization assistance**
(1) **Authority** — In order to carry out paragraph (1) of [section 5411(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5411/b&num=0&edition=prelim), the President is authorized to furnish assistance for Poland, notwithstanding any other provisi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5414
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