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15 U.S.C. § 2512 — Studies
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Bias of surface transportation systems; submission of report** The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study to determine the existence of any tax, regulatory, traffic, urban design, rural electrical, or other institutional factor which tends or may tend to bias surface transportation systems toward vehicles of particular characteristics. The Secretary of Energy shall submit a report to the Congress on the findings and conclusions of such study, within 1 year after September 17, 1976. The report shall include any legislative or other recommendations of the Secretary of Energy.
**(b) Material demand and pollution effect; impact statement** The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a continuing assessment of the long-range material demand and pollution effects which may result from or in connection with the electrification of urban traffic. Such assessment shall include a statement of the Secretary of Energy’s current findings in each report submitted under section 2513 11 See References in Text note below. of this title. Any environmental impact statement which may be filed under a Federal law with respect to research, development, or demonstration activities under this chapter shall include reference to the matters which are subject to assessment under this subsection.
**(c) Incentives to encourage utilization; inclusion of electric vehicles in calculation of average fuel economy; evaluation program; annual report; final report and recommendations to Congress on January 1, 1987** The Secretary of Energy shall perform, or cause to be performed, studies and research on incentives to promote broader utilization and consumer acceptance of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. A description and a statement of the findings of such studies and research activities shall
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 52, § 2512; chapter-052-electric-and-hybrid-vehicle-research-development-and-demonstration.md
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**(a) Bias of surface transportation systems; submission of report** The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study to determine the existence of any tax, regulatory, traffic, urban design, rural electrical, or other institutional factor which tends or may tend to bias surface transportation systems toward vehicles of particular characteristics. The Secretary of Energy shall submit a report to the Congress on the findings and conclusions of such study, within 1 year after September 17, 1976. The report shall include any legislative or other recommendations of the Secretary of Energy.
**(b) Material demand and pollution effect; impact statement** The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a continuing assessment of the long-range material demand and pollution effects which may result from or in connection with the electrification of urban traffic. Such assessment shall include a statement of the Secretary of Energy’s current findings in each report submitted under section 2513 11 See References in Text note below. of this title. Any environmental impact statement which may be filed under a Federal law with respect to research, development, or demonstration activities under this chapter shall include reference to the matters which are subject to assessment under this subsection.
**(c) Incentives to encourage utilization; inclusion of electric vehicles in calculation of average fuel economy; evaluation program; annual report; final report and recommendations to Congress on January 1, 1987** The Secretary of Energy shall perform, or cause to be performed, studies and research on incentives to promote broader utilization and consumer acceptance of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. A description and a statement of the findings of such studies and research activities shall be included in each report submitted under section 2513 1 of this title.
(1) The Secretary of Energy in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is authorized and directed to conduct a seven-year evaluation program of the inclusion of electric vehicles, as defined in section 512(b)(2) 1 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act ([15 U.S.C. 2012(b)(2)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2012/b/2&num=0&edition=prelim)), in the calculation of average fuel economy pursuant to [section 32904(a)(1) of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section32904/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim) to determine the value and implications of such inclusion as an incentive for the early initiation of industrial engineering development and initial commercialization of electric vehicles in the United States. The evaluation program shall be conducted in parallel with the research and development activities of [section 2505 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2505&num=0&edition=prelim) and demonstration activities of [section 2506 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2506&num=0&edition=prelim) to provide all necessary information no later than January 1, 1987, for the private sector and Federal, State and local officials to make required decisions for the full commercialization of electric vehicles in the United States.
(2) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Secretary of Transportation, shall implement immediately the evaluation program by promulgating, within sixty days of January 7, 1980, regulations to include electric vehicles in average fuel economy calculations under [section 32904(a)(1) of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section32904/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim).
(3) The Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall include a full discussion of this evaluation program in the annual report required by section 2513 1 of this title in each year after promulgation of the regulations under paragraph (2). The Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall submit to the Congress on January 1, 1987, a final report on the results of the evaluation program and any recommendations regarding the continued inclusion of electric vehicles in the average fuel economy calculations under part C of subtitle VI of title 49.
**(d) Safety standards and regulations** The Secretary of Transportation shall conduct a study of the current and future applicability of safety standards and regulations to electric and hybrid vehicles. The Secretary of Transportation shall report the results of such study to the Secretary of Energy and the Congress within 1 year after September 17, 1976.
**(e) Regenerative braking systems** The Secretary of Energy shall conduct a study to determine the overall effectiveness and feasibility of including regenerative braking systems on electric and other automobiles in order to recover energy. In such study the Secretary of Energy shall—
(1) review the history of regenerative braking devices;
(2) describe relevant experimental test data and theoretical calculations with respect to such devices;
(3) assess the net energy impacts and cost effectiveness of such devices;
(4) examine present patents and patent policy regarding such devices; and
(5) determine whether regenerative braking should be used on some of the advanced electric or hybrid vehicles to be purchased or leased pursuant to [section 2506(c)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2506/c/2&num=0&edition=prelim).
The Secretary of Energy shall submit a report to the Congress on the findings and conclusions of such study within 1 year after September 17, 1976.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter, the term—
(1) Omitted.
(2) “advanced electric or hybrid vehicle” means a vehicle which—
(A) minimizes the total amount of energy to be consumed with respect to its fabrication, operation, and disposal, and represents a substantial improvement over existing electric and hybrid vehicles with respect to the total amount of energy so consumed;
(B) is capable of being mass-produced and operated at a cost and in a manner which is sufficiently competitive to enable it to be produced and sold in numbers representing a reasonable portion of the market;
(C) is safe, damage-resistant, easy to repair, durable, and operates with sufficient performance with respect to acceleration, cold-weather starting, cruising speed, and other performance factors; and
(D) at a minimum, can be produced, distributed, operated, and disposed of in compliance with any applicable requirement of Federal law;
(3) “commercial electric or hybrid vehicle” includes any electric or hybrid vehicle which can be used (A) for business or agricultural production purposes on farms (e.g. tractors and trucks) or in rural areas, or (B) for commercial purposes in urban areas;
(4) “electric vehicle” means a vehicle which is powered by an electric motor drawing current from rechargeable storage batteries, fuel cells, or other portable sources of electrical current, and which may include a nonelectrical source of power designed to charge batteries and components thereof;
(5) “hybrid vehicle” means a vehicle propelled by a combination of an electric motor and an internal combustion engine or other power source and components thereof;
(6) “project” means the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Project established under [section 2503(a) of this title]
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Data development; baseline data; acquisition of vehicles** Within 12 months after September 17, 1976, the Secretary of Energy shall develop data characterizing the present state-of-the-art with respect to electric and hybrid vehicles. The data so developed shall serve as baseline data to be utilized in order (1) to compare improvements in electric and hybrid vehicle technologies; (2) to assist in establishing the performance standards under subsection (b)(1); and (3) to otherwise assist in carrying out the purposes of this section. In developing any such data, the Secretary of Energy shall purchase or lease a reasonable number of such vehicles or enter into such other arrangements as the Secretary of Energy deems necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection.
**(b) Performance standards; factors considered; vehicle uses; revision; transmission of standards to Congress**
(1) Within 15 months after September 17, 1976, the Secretary of Energy shall promulgate rules establishing performance standards for electric and hybrid vehicles to be purchased or leased pursuant to subsection (c)(1). The standards so developed shall take into account the factors of energy conservation, urban traffic characteristics, patterns of use for “second” vehicles, consumer preferences, maintenance needs, battery recharging characteristics, agricultural requirements, materials demand and their ability to be recycled, vehicle safety and insurability, cost, and other relevant considerations, as such factors and considerations particularly apply to or affect vehicles with electric or hybrid propulsion systems. Such standards are to be developed taking into account (A) the best current state-of-the-art, and (B) reasonable estimates as to the future state-of-the-art, based on projecti
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section 2021, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 601, as added Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2755; amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, § 301, Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3393, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. See [section 33101 of Title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section33101&num=0&edition=prelim), Transportation.
Section 2022, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 602, as added Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2756; amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, §§ 302, 306(a), Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3394, 3397, related to theft prevention standard. See sections 33102 to 33104 of Title 49.
Section 2023, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 603, as added Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2757; amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, § 303, Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3395, related to designation of high theft vehicle lines and parts. See [section 33104 of Title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section33104&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 2024, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 604, as added Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2758, prescribed limitation on cost to manufacturer for compliance with [section 2022 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section2022&num=0&edition=prelim). See [section 33105 of Title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section33105&num=0&edition=prelim).
Section 2025, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 605, as added Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2759; amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, § 304, Oct. 25, 1992, 106 Stat. 3396, related to exemption from [section 2022 of th
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 94–413, § 14, Sept. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 1270; Pub. L. 95–91, title III, § 301(a), Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 577, directed Secretary of Energy to submit to Congress annual reports on activities under this chapter.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Secretary of Energy, acting through appropriate agencies and contractors, shall initiate and provide for the conduct of research and development in areas related to electric and hybrid vehicles, including—
(1) energy storage technology, including batteries and their potential for convenient recharging;
(2) vehicle control systems and overall design for energy conservation, including the use of regenerative braking;
(3) urban design and traffic management to promote maximum transportation-related energy conservation and minimum transportation-related degradation of the environment; and
(4) vehicle design which emphasizes durability, length of practical lifetime, ease of repair, and interchangeability and replaceability of parts.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section 2001, Pub. L. 92–513, title V, § 501, as added Pub. L. 94–163, title III, § 301, Dec. 22, 1975, 89 Stat. 901; amended Pub. L. 96–425, §§ 4(c)(1), 8(b), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1824, 1828; Pub. L. 100–494, § 6(b), Oct. 14, 1988, 102 Stat. 2452; Pub. L. 102–486, title IV, § 403(1), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2876, defined terms for purposes of this subchapter. See [section 32901 of Title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section32901&num=0&edition=prelim), Transportation.
Section 2002, Pub. L. 92–513, title V, § 502, as added Pub. L. 94–163, title III, § 301, Dec. 22, 1975, 89 Stat. 902; amended Pub. L. 95–91, title III, § 305, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 580; Pub. L. 96–425, §§ 3(a)(1), 5, 6(b), 7, 8(c), (d), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1821, 1825, 1826, 1828; Pub. L. 100–494, § 6(c), Oct. 14, 1988, 102 Stat. 2452; Pub. L. 102–486, title IV, § 403(2), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 2876, related to average fuel economy standards. See sections 32902, 32903, and 32916 of Title 49.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1697
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§§ 2041 to 2044
fuel economy representations in connection with in-
stallation of retrofit devices. See section 32918 of Title
49, Transportation.
§§ 2012, 2013. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b),
July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
Section 2012, Pub. L. 92–513, title V, § 512, as added
Pub. L. 94–163, title III, § 301, Dec. 22, 1975, 89 Stat. 916;
amended Pub. L. 96–425, § 4(a)(2), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat.
1823, related to reports to be submitted by Secretary to
President and Congress regarding fuel flow instrument
reading directly in miles per gallon, exemption from
this subchapter for electric cars, and examination, by
Secretary and Secretary of Labor, on exemption under
section 2003(b) of this title. See section 32916 of Title 49,
Transportation.
Section 2013, Pub. L. 92–513, title V, § 513, as added
Pub. L. 100–494, § 6(a), Oct. 14, 1988, 102 Stat. 2448;
amended Pub. L. 102–486, title IV, § 403(5), Oct. 24, 1992,
106 Stat. 2876, related to incentives for manufacturing
alternative-fuel automobiles. See sections 32901, 32902,
32905, and 32906 of Title 49.
SUBCHAPTER VI—THEFT PREVENTION
§§ 2021 to 2034. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b),
July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379
Section 2021, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 601, as added
Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2755;
amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, § 301, Oct. 25, 1992, 106
Stat. 3393, defined terms for purposes of this sub-
chapter. See section 33101 of Title 49, Transportation.
Section 2022, Pub. L. 92–513, title VI, § 602, as added
Pub. L. 98–547, title I, § 101(a), Oct. 25, 1984, 98 Stat. 2756;
amended Pub. L. 102–519, title III, §§ 302, 306(a), Oct. 25,
1992, 106 Stat. 3394, 3397, related to theft prevention
standard. See sections 331
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1845
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 2512
1 See References in Text note below.
owned in the case of a corporation, association,
or partnership operating a vessel in the coast-
wise trade, shall not be applicable. The Sec-
retary of Energy, in consultation with the Sec-
retary of State, may waive such requirements in
the case of a corporation, partnership, firm, or
association, controlling interest in which is
owned by citizens of countries which are partici-
pants in the International Energy Agreement.
(j) Pledge of full faith and credit of United States
The full faith and credit of the United States
is pledged to the payment of all obligations in-
curred under this section.
(Pub. L. 94–413, § 10, Sept. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 1267;
Pub. L. 95–91, title III, § 301(a), Aug. 4, 1977, 91
Stat. 577; Pub. L. 95–238, title VI, § 603, Feb. 25,
1978, 92 Stat. 93; Pub. L. 103–437, § 5(d)(2), Nov. 2,
1994, 108 Stat. 4582.)
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
In subsec. (e)(3)(C), ‘‘chapter 31 of title 31’’ and ‘‘that
chapter’’ substituted for ‘‘the Second Liberty Bond
Act, as amended’’ and ‘‘that Act’’, respectively, on au-
thority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat.
1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money
and Finance.
In subsec. (i), ‘‘section 50501 of title 46’’ substituted
for ‘‘section 2 of the Shipping Act of 1916 (46 U.S.C.
802)’’ and ‘‘subsections (a) and (b) of such section 50501’’
substituted for ‘‘subsection (a) of such section 2’’ on au-
thority of Pub. L. 109–304, § 18(c), Oct. 6, 2006, 120 Stat.
1709, section 8(b) of which enacted parts A and B of sub-
title V of Title 46, Shipping.
AMENDMENTS
1994—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 103–437 substituted ‘‘Com-
mittee on Science, Space, and Technology’’ for ‘‘Com-
mittee on Scienc
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