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42 U.S.C. § 1988 — Proceedings in vindication of civil rights
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Applicability of statutory and common law** The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters conferred on the district courts by the provisions of titles 13, 24, and 70 of the Revised Statutes for the protection of all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and for their vindication, shall be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases where they are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offenses against law, the common law, as modified and changed by the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having jurisdiction of such civil or criminal cause is held, so far as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, shall be extended to and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition of the cause, and, if it is of a criminal nature, in the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
**(b) Attorney’s fees** In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92–318 [[20 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 [[42 U.S.C. 2000bb](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000bb&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 [[42 U.S.C. 2000cc](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000cc&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_8fd7ea825401ddc1fb6671d0
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-1988-proceedings-in-vindication-of-civil-rights--31889f2661.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 21, § 1988; chapter-021-civil-rights.md
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**(a) Applicability of statutory and common law** The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters conferred on the district courts by the provisions of titles 13, 24, and 70 of the Revised Statutes for the protection of all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and for their vindication, shall be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases where they are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offenses against law, the common law, as modified and changed by the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having jurisdiction of such civil or criminal cause is held, so far as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, shall be extended to and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition of the cause, and, if it is of a criminal nature, in the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
**(b) Attorney’s fees** In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92–318 [[20 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 [[42 U.S.C. 2000bb](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000bb&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 [[42 U.S.C. 2000cc](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000cc&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000d&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], or [section 12361 of title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12361&num=0&edition=prelim), the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity such officer shall not be held liable for any costs, including attorney’s fees, unless such action was clearly in excess of such officer’s jurisdiction.
**(c) Expert fees** In awarding an attorney’s fee under subsection (b) in any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of section 1981 or 1981a of this title, the court, in its discretion, may include expert fees as part of the attorney’s fee.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Substantial burdens**
(1) **General rule** — No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of the burden on that person, assembly, or institution—
(A) is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and
(B) is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.
(2) **Scope of application** — This subsection applies in any case in which—
(A) the substantial burden is imposed in a program or activity that receives Federal financial assistance, even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability;
(B) the substantial burden affects, or removal of that substantial burden would affect, commerce with foreign nations, among the several States, or with Indian tribes, even if the burden results from a rule of general applicability; or
(C) the substantial burden is imposed in the implementation of a land use regulation or system of land use regulations, under which a government makes, or has in place formal or informal procedures or practices that permit the government to make, individualized assessments of the proposed uses for the property involved.
**(b) Discrimination and exclusion**
(1) **Equal terms** — No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that treats a religious assembly or institution on less than equal terms with a nonreligious assembly or institution.
(2) **Nondiscrimination** — No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation that discriminates against any assembly or institution on the basis of religion or religious denomination.
(3) **Exclusions an
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The Attorney General, acting in consultation with the Director of the Office on Violence Against Women of the Department of Justice, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Health and Human Services, shall award grants under this section to States, units of local government, Indian tribes, and other organizations, including domestic violence and sexual assault victim service providers, domestic violence and sexual assault coalitions, other nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations, population-specific organizations, or community-based and culturally specific organizations, that have a documented history of effective work concerning domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking (referred to in this section as the “recipient”) to carry out programs to provide assistance to minors, adults, and their dependents—
(1) who are homeless, or in need of transitional housing or other housing assistance, as a result of a situation of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking; and
(2) for whom emergency shelter services or other crisis intervention services are unavailable or insufficient.
**(b) Grants** Grants awarded under this section may be used for programs that provide—
(1) transitional housing, including funding for the operating expenses of newly developed or existing transitional housing.11 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
(2) short-term housing assistance, including rental or utilities payments assistance and assistance with related expenses such as payment of security deposits and other costs incidental to relocation to transitional housing for persons described in subsection (a); and
(3) support services designed to enable a minor, an adult, or a depen
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 34 U.S.C. § 12361
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Statement of equal rights** All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.
**(b) “Make and enforce contracts” defined** For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce contracts” includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.
**(c) Protection against impairment** The rights protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and impairment under color of State law.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Prohibition against discrimination; exceptions** No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, except that:
(1) **Classes of educational institutions subject to prohibition** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall apply only to institutions of vocational education, professional education, and graduate higher education, and to public institutions of undergraduate higher education;
(2) **Educational institutions commencing planned change in admissions** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall not apply (A) for one year from June 23, 1972, nor for six years after June 23, 1972, in the case of an educational institution which has begun the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education or (B) for seven years from the date an educational institution begins the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of only one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education, whichever is the later;
(3) **Educational institutions of religious organizations with contrary religious tenets** — this section shall not apply to an educational institution which is controlled by a religious organization if the application of this subsection would not be consistent with the religious tenet
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a judgment for costs, as enumerated in [section 1920 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1920&num=0&edition=prelim), but not including the fees and expenses of attorneys, may be awarded to the prevailing party in any civil action brought by or against the United States or any agency or any official of the United States acting in his or her official capacity in any court having jurisdiction of such action. A judgment for costs when taxed against the United States shall, in an amount established by statute, court rule, or order, be limited to reimbursing in whole or in part the prevailing party for the costs incurred by such party in the litigation.
(2) A judgment for costs, when awarded in favor of the United States in an action brought by the United States, may include an amount equal to the filing fee prescribed under [section 1914(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1914/a&num=0&edition=prelim). The preceding sentence shall not be construed as requiring the United States to pay any filing fee.
**(b)** Unless expressly prohibited by statute, a court may award reasonable fees and expenses of attorneys, in addition to the costs which may be awarded pursuant to subsection (a), to the prevailing party in any civil action brought by or against the United States or any agency or any official of the United States acting in his or her official capacity in any court having jurisdiction of such action. The United States shall be liable for such fees and expenses to the same extent that any other party would be liable under the common law or under the terms of any statute which specifically provides f
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** The Congress finds that—
(1) the framers of the Constitution, recognizing free exercise of religion as an unalienable right, secured its protection in the First Amendment to the Constitution;
(2) laws “neutral” toward religion may burden religious exercise as surely as laws intended to interfere with religious exercise;
(3) governments should not substantially burden religious exercise without compelling justification;
(4) in Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990) the Supreme Court virtually eliminated the requirement that the government justify burdens on religious exercise imposed by laws neutral toward religion; and
(5) the compelling interest test as set forth in prior Federal court rulings is a workable test for striking sensible balances between religious liberty and competing prior governmental interests.
**(b) Purposes** The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to restore the compelling interest test as set forth in Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963) and Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972) and to guarantee its application in all cases where free exercise of religion is substantially burdened; and
(2) to provide a claim or defense to persons whose religious exercise is substantially burdened by government.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section 13975 was editorially reclassified as [section 12351 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12351&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 13981
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Equal access** All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.
**(b) Establishments affecting interstate commerce or supported in their activities by State action as places of public accommodation; lodgings; facilities principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises; gasoline stations; places of exhibition or entertainment; other covered establishments** Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this subchapter if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:
(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;
(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;
(3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; and
(4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such cove
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
There is hereby established an Office of Justice Programs within the Department of Justice under the general authority of the Attorney General. The Office of Justice Programs (hereinafter referred to in this chapter as the “Office”) shall be headed by an Assistant Attorney General (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the “Assistant Attorney General”) appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
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