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20 U.S.C. § 1681 — Sex
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Prohibition against discrimination; exceptions** No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, except that:
(1) **Classes of educational institutions subject to prohibition** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall apply only to institutions of vocational education, professional education, and graduate higher education, and to public institutions of undergraduate higher education;
(2) **Educational institutions commencing planned change in admissions** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall not apply (A) for one year from June 23, 1972, nor for six years after June 23, 1972, in the case of an educational institution which has begun the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education or (B) for seven years from the date an educational institution begins the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of only one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education, whichever is the later;
(3) **Educational institutions of religious organizations with contrary religious tenets** — this section shall not apply to an educational institution which is controlled by a religious organization if the application of this subsection would not be consistent with the religious tenet
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-20/section-1681-sex--6b3ea2bdb2.md
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Source location: Title 20, Chapter 38, § 1681; chapter-038-discrimination-based-on-sex-or-blindness.md
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**(a) Prohibition against discrimination; exceptions** No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, except that:
(1) **Classes of educational institutions subject to prohibition** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall apply only to institutions of vocational education, professional education, and graduate higher education, and to public institutions of undergraduate higher education;
(2) **Educational institutions commencing planned change in admissions** — in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall not apply (A) for one year from June 23, 1972, nor for six years after June 23, 1972, in the case of an educational institution which has begun the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education or (B) for seven years from the date an educational institution begins the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of only one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education, whichever is the later;
(3) **Educational institutions of religious organizations with contrary religious tenets** — this section shall not apply to an educational institution which is controlled by a religious organization if the application of this subsection would not be consistent with the religious tenets of such organization;
(4) **Educational institutions training individuals for military services or merchant marine** — this section shall not apply to an educational institution whose primary purpose is the training of individuals for the military services of the United States, or the merchant marine;
(5) **Public educational institutions with traditional and continuing admissions policy** — in regard to admissions this section shall not apply to any public institution of undergraduate higher education which is an institution that traditionally and continually from its establishment has had a policy of admitting only students of one sex;
(6) **Social fraternities or sororities; voluntary youth service organizations** — this section shall not apply to membership practices—
(A) of a social fraternity or social sorority which is exempt from taxation under [section 501(a) of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section501/a&num=0&edition=prelim), the active membership of which consists primarily of students in attendance at an institution of higher education, or
(B) of the Young Men’s Christian Association, Young Women’s Christian Association, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and voluntary youth service organizations which are so exempt, the membership of which has traditionally been limited to persons of one sex and principally to persons of less than nineteen years of age;
(7) **Boy or Girl conferences** — this section shall not apply to—
(A) any program or activity of the American Legion undertaken in connection with the organization or operation of any Boys State conference, Boys Nation conference, Girls State conference, or Girls Nation conference; or
(B) any program or activity of any secondary school or educational institution specifically for—
(i) the promotion of any Boys State conference, Boys Nation conference, Girls State conference, or Girls Nation conference; or
(ii) the selection of students to attend any such conference;
(8) **Father-son or mother-daughter activities at educational institutions** — this section shall not preclude father-son or mother-daughter activities at an educational institution, but if such activities are provided for students of one sex, opportunities for reasonably comparable activities shall be provided for students of the other sex; and
(9) **Institution of higher education scholarship awards in “beauty” pageants** — this section shall not apply with respect to any scholarship or other financial assistance awarded by an institution of higher education to any individual because such individual has received such award in any pageant in which the attainment of such award is based upon a combination of factors related to the personal appearance, poise, and talent of such individual and in which participation is limited to individuals of one sex only, so long as such pageant is in compliance with other nondiscrimination provisions of Federal law.
**(b) Preferential or disparate treatment because of imbalance in participation or receipt of Federal benefits; statistical evidence of imbalance** Nothing contained in subsection (a) of this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section, or other area: Provided, That this subsection shall not be construed to prevent the consideration in any hearing or proceeding under this chapter of statistical evidence tending to show that such an imbalance exists with respect to the participation in, or receipt of the benefits of, any such program or activity by the members of one sex.
**(c) “Educational institution” defined** For purposes of this chapter an educational institution means any public or private preschool, elementary, or secondary school, or any institution of vocational, professional, or higher education, except that in the case of an educational institution composed of more than one school, college, or department which are administratively separate units, such term means each such school, college, or department.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purposes of this subchapter, the term “program or activity” and the term “program” mean all of the operations of—
(1)
(A) a department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or of a local government; or
(B) the entity of such State or local government that distributes such assistance and each such department or agency (and each other State or local government entity) to which the assistance is extended, in the case of assistance to a State or local government;
(2)
(A) a college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a public system of higher education; or
(B) a local educational agency (as defined in [section 7801 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section7801&num=0&edition=prelim)), system of vocational education, or other school system;
(3)
(A) an entire corporation, partnership, or other private organization, or an entire sole proprietorship—
(i) if assistance is extended to such corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship as a whole; or
(ii) which is principally engaged in the business of providing education, health care, housing, social services, or parks and recreation; or
(B) the entire plant or other comparable, geographically separate facility to which Federal financial assistance is extended, in the case of any other corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship; or
(4) any other entity which is established by two or more of the entities described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3);
any part of which is extended Federal financial assistance.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) the term “Commission” means the Commission on Civil Rights;
(2) the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Health and Human Services;
(3) the term “Federal department or agency” means any agency as defined in [section 551 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section551&num=0&edition=prelim) and includes the United States Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission; and
(4) the term “program or activity” means all of the operations of—
(A)
(i) a department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or of a local government; or
(ii) the entity of such State or local government that distributes such assistance and each such department or agency (and each other State or local government entity) to which the assistance is extended, in the case of assistance to a State or local government;
(B)
(i) a college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a public system of higher education; or
(ii) a local educational agency (as defined in [section 7801 of title 20](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section7801&num=0&edition=prelim)), system of vocational education, or other school system;
(C)
(i) an entire corporation, partnership, or other private organization, or an entire sole proprietorship—
(I) if assistance is extended to such corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship as a whole; or
(II) which is principally engaged in the business of providing education, health care, housing, social services, or parks and recreation; or
(ii) the entire plant or other comparable, geographically separate facility to which Federal financial assistance i
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Each Federal department and agency which is empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any program or activity, by way of grant, loan, or contract other than a contract of insurance or guaranty, is authorized and directed to effectuate the provisions of [section 2000d of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000d&num=0&edition=prelim) with respect to such program or activity by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which shall be consistent with achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the financial assistance in connection with which the action is taken. No such rule, regulation, or order shall become effective unless and until approved by the President. Compliance with any requirement adopted pursuant to this section may be effected (1) by the termination of or refusal to grant or to continue assistance under such program or activity to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding on the record, after opportunity for hearing, of a failure to comply with such requirement, but such termination or refusal shall be limited to the particular political entity, or part thereof, or other recipient as to whom such a finding has been made and, shall be limited in its effect to the particular program, or part thereof, in which such noncompliance has been so found, or (2) by any other means authorized by law: Provided, however, That no such action shall be taken until the department or agency concerned has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means. In the case of any action terminating, or refusing to grant or continue, assistance because of failure t
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) the term “agency” means an agency as defined in [section 551(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section551/1&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) the term “rule” means any rule for which the agency publishes a general notice of proposed rulemaking pursuant to [section 553(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section553/b&num=0&edition=prelim), or any other law, including any rule of general applicability governing Federal grants to State and local governments for which the agency provides an opportunity for notice and public comment, except that the term “rule” does not include a rule of particular applicability relating to rates, wages, corporate or financial structures or reorganizations thereof, prices, facilities, appliances, services, or allowances therefor or to valuations, costs or accounting, or practices relating to such rates, wages, structures, prices, appliances, services, or allowances;
(3) the term “small business” has the same meaning as the term “small business concern” under section 3 of the Small Business Act, unless an agency, after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity for public comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the agency and publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register;
(4) the term “small organization” means any not-for-profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated and is not dominant in its field, unless an agency establishes, after opportunity for public comment, one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the agency and publishes such
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) The Secretary of each military department shall establish and maintain a Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, organized into units, at public and private secondary educational institutions, including Job Corps centers as defined in section 147 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act ([29 U.S.C. 3197](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section3197&num=0&edition=prelim)), which apply for a unit and meet the standards and criteria prescribed pursuant to this section. The Secretary of Defense shall promulgate regulations prescribing the standards and criteria to be followed by the military departments in selecting the institutions at which units are to be established and maintained.
(2) It is a purpose of the Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps to instill in students in United States secondary educational institutions the values of citizenship, service to the United States (including an introduction to service opportunities in military, national, and public service), and personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment.
**(b)**
(1) No unit may be established or maintained at an institution unless—
(A) the number of physically fit students in such unit who are in a grade above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit and are citizens or nationals of the United States, or aliens lawfully admitted to the United States for permanent residence, is—
(i) in the case of an educational institution with fewer than 1,000 enrolled students, the lesser of—
(I) 10 percent of the number of such students who are in a grade above the 7th grade and physically co-located with the 9th grade participating unit; and
(II) 50; or
(ii) in the case of an educational
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 2031
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Limit on amount** At no time shall the aggregate principal amount of outstanding bonds insured under this part together with any accrued unpaid interest thereon exceed $1,100,000,000, of which—
(1) not more than $733,333,333 shall be used for loans to eligible institutions that are private historically Black colleges and universities; and
(2) not more than $366,666,667 shall be used for loans to eligible institutions which are historically Black public colleges and universities.
For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), Lincoln University of Pennsylvania is an historically Black public institution. No institution of higher education that has received assistance under [section 123 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section123&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be eligible to receive assistance under this part.
**(b) Limitation on credit authority** The authority of the Secretary to issue letters of credit and insurance under this part is effective only to the extent provided in advance by appropriations Acts.
**(c) Religious activity prohibition** No loan may be made under this part for any educational program, activity or service related to sectarian instruction or religious worship or provided by a school or department of divinity or to an institution in which a substantial portion of its functions is subsumed in a religious mission.
**(d) Discrimination prohibition** No loan may be made to an institution under this part if the institution discriminates on account of race, color, religion, national origin, sex (to the extent provided in title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 [[20 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]), or disab
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Short title** This chapter may be cited as the “General Education Provisions Act”.
**(b) Applicability of chapter**
(1) Except as otherwise provided, this chapter applies to each applicable program of the Department of Education.
(2) Except as otherwise provided, this chapter does not apply to any contract made by the Department of Education.
**(c) Definitions** As used in this chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:
(1) The term “applicable program” means any program for which the Secretary or the Department has administrative responsibility as provided by law or by delegation of authority pursuant to law. The term includes each program for which the Secretary or the Department has administrative responsibility under the Department of Education Organization Act [[20 U.S.C. 3401](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section3401&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] or under Federal law effective after the effective date of that Act.
(2) The term “applicable statute” means—
(A) the Act or the title, part, section, or any other subdivision of an Act, as the case may be, that authorizes the appropriation for an applicable program;
(B) this chapter; and
(C) any other statute that by its terms expressly controls the administration of an applicable program.
(3) The term “Department” means the Department of Education.
(4) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Education.
**(d) Application of other laws unaffected** Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to affect the applicability of title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000d&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 [[2
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1221a to 1221c
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** At any time that the Secretary makes an allotment or reallotment to any State under any applicable program, the Secretary shall reduce such allotment or reallotment by such amount as the Secretary determines such allotment or reallotment would have been reduced, had the data on which such allotment or reallotment is based excluded all data relating to local educational agencies of the State that, on the date of the Secretary’s action, are ineligible to receive the Federal financial assistance involved because of failure to comply with title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000d&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 [[20 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], [section 794 of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section794&num=0&edition=prelim), or the Age Discrimination Act of 1975 [[42 U.S.C. 6101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section6101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.].
**(b)** The Secretary may use any funds withheld under subsection (a)—
(1) to increase the allotments or reallotments of local educational agencies within the State that are not described in subsection (a), or the allotments or reallotment of all States, in accordance with the Federal law governing the program; or
(2) for grants to local educational agencies of that State in accordance with section 405 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000c–4](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000c–4&num=0&edition=prelim)], or for any other program administ
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1232a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Each Federal department and agency which is empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any education program or activity, by way of grant, loan, or contract other than a contract of insurance or guaranty, is authorized and directed to effectuate the provisions of [section 1681 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) with respect to such program or activity by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which shall be consistent with achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the financial assistance in connection with which the action is taken. No such rule, regulation, or order shall become effective unless and until approved by the President. Compliance with any requirement adopted pursuant to this section may be effected (1) by the termination of or refusal to grant or to continue assistance under such program or activity to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding on the record, after opportunity for hearing, of a failure to comply with such requirement, but such termination or refusal shall be limited to the particular political entity, or part thereof, or other recipient as to whom such a finding has been made, and shall be limited in its effect to the particular program, or part thereof, in which such noncompliance has been so found, or (2) by any other means authorized by law: Provided, however, That no such action shall be taken until the department or agency concerned has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means. In the case of any action terminating, or refusing to grant or continue, assistance because of f
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1682
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Nothing in this chapter shall add to or detract from any existing authority with respect to any program or activity under which Federal financial assistance is extended by way of a contract of insurance or guaranty.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 1685
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