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42 U.S.C. § 1981 — Equal rights under the law
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Statement of equal rights** All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.
**(b) “Make and enforce contracts” defined** For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce contracts” includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.
**(c) Protection against impairment** The rights protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and impairment under color of State law.
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_4b83295b1f41e26d760c3fd6
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-1981-equal-rights-under-the-law--c55473b054.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 21, § 1981; chapter-021-civil-rights.md
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**(a) Statement of equal rights** All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other.
**(b) “Make and enforce contracts” defined** For purposes of this section, the term “make and enforce contracts” includes the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.
**(c) Protection against impairment** The rights protected by this section are protected against impairment by nongovernmental discrimination and impairment under color of State law.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purposes of this subchapter—
**(a)** The term “person” includes one or more individuals, governments, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under title 11, or receivers.
**(b)** The term “employer” means a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such a person, but such term does not include (1) the United States, a corporation wholly owned by the Government of the United States, an Indian tribe, or any department or agency of the District of Columbia subject by statute to procedures of the competitive service (as defined in [section 2102 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section2102&num=0&edition=prelim)), or (2) a bona fide private membership club (other than a labor organization) which is exempt from taxation under [section 501(c) of title 26](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section501/c&num=0&edition=prelim), except that during the first year after March 24, 1972, persons having fewer than twenty-five employees (and their agents) shall not be considered employers.
**(c)** The term “employment agency” means any person regularly undertaking with or without compensation to procure employees for an employer or to procure for employees opportunities to work for an employer and includes an agent of such a person.
**(d)** The term “labor organization” means a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce, and any
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Right of recovery**
(1) **Civil rights** — In an action brought by a complaining party under section 706 or 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000e–5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e-5&num=0&edition=prelim), 2000e–16] against a respondent who engaged in unlawful intentional discrimination (not an employment practice that is unlawful because of its disparate impact) prohibited under section 703, 704, or 717 of the Act [[42 U.S.C. 2000e–2](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e-2&num=0&edition=prelim), 2000e–3, 2000e–16], and provided that the complaining party cannot recover under [section 1981 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1981&num=0&edition=prelim), the complaining party may recover compensatory and punitive damages as allowed in subsection (b), in addition to any relief authorized by section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, from the respondent.
(2) **Disability** — In an action brought by a complaining party under the powers, remedies, and procedures set forth in section 706 or 717 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000e–5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e-5&num=0&edition=prelim), 2000e–16] (as provided in section 107(a) of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ([42 U.S.C. 12117(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section12117/a&num=0&edition=prelim)), and [section 794a(a)(1) of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section794a/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim), respectively) against a respondent who engaged in unlawful intentional discrimination (not an e
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 1981a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Applicability of statutory and common law** The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters conferred on the district courts by the provisions of titles 13, 24, and 70 of the Revised Statutes for the protection of all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and for their vindication, shall be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all cases where they are not adapted to the object, or are deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish offenses against law, the common law, as modified and changed by the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having jurisdiction of such civil or criminal cause is held, so far as the same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, shall be extended to and govern the said courts in the trial and disposition of the cause, and, if it is of a criminal nature, in the infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
**(b) Attorney’s fees** In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title, title IX of Public Law 92–318 [[20 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 [[42 U.S.C. 2000bb](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000bb&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 [[42 U.S.C. 2000cc](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000cc&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 91–383, § 8, as added Pub. L. 94–458, § 2, Oct. 7, 1976, 90 Stat. 1940; amended Pub. L. 95–625, title VI, § 604(1), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3518; Pub. L. 96–199, title I, § 104, Mar. 5, 1980, 94 Stat. 68; Pub. L. 96–344, § 8, Sept. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1135; Pub. L. 103–437, § 6(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4583; Pub. L. 104–333, div. I, title VIII, § 814(d)(1)(I), Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4196; Pub. L. 105–391, title III, § 303, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3501, related to additional areas for National Park System. See [section 100507 of Title 54](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title54-section100507&num=0&edition=prelim), National Park Service and Related Programs.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Attendance of witnesses; investigations, inspections, records, and homework regulations** The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall have the power to make investigations and require the keeping of records necessary or appropriate for the administration of this chapter in accordance with the powers and procedures provided in sections 209 and 211 of this title.
**(b) Enforcement; prohibition of age discrimination under fair labor standards; unpaid minimum wages and unpaid overtime compensation; liquidated damages; judicial relief; conciliation, conference, and persuasion** The provisions of this chapter shall be enforced in accordance with the powers, remedies, and procedures provided in sections 211(b), 216 (except for subsection (a) thereof), and 217 of this title, and subsection (c) of this section. Any act prohibited under [section 623 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section623&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be deemed to be a prohibited act under [section 215 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section215&num=0&edition=prelim). Amounts owing to a person as a result of a violation of this chapter shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum wages or unpaid overtime compensation for purposes of sections 216 and 217 of this title: Provided, That liquidated damages shall be payable only in cases of willful violations of this chapter. In any action brought to enforce this chapter the court shall have jurisdiction to grant such legal or equitable relief as may be appropriate to effectuate the purposes of this chapter, including without limitation judgments compelling employment, reinstatement or promotion, or enforcing the liability for amounts deemed to be unpaid minimum
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 626
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Discriminatory practices prohibited** All personnel actions affecting covered employees shall be made free from any discrimination based on—
(1) race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, within the meaning of section 703 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([42 U.S.C. 2000e–2](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e–2&num=0&edition=prelim));
(2) age, within the meaning of section 15 of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 ([29 U.S.C. 633a](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section633a&num=0&edition=prelim)); or
(3) disability, within the meaning of section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ([29 U.S.C. 791](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title29-section791&num=0&edition=prelim)) and sections 102 through 104 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ([42 U.S.C. 12112–121](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section12112–121&num=0&edition=prelim)14).
**(b) Remedy**
(1) **Civil rights** — The remedy for a violation of subsection (a)(1) shall be—
(A) such remedy as would be appropriate if awarded under section 706(g) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ([42 U.S.C. 2000e–5(g)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e–5/g&num=0&edition=prelim)); and
(B) such compensatory damages as would be appropriate if awarded under [section 1981 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1981&num=0&edition=prelim), or as would be appropriate if awarded under sections 1981a(a)(1), 1981a(b)(2), and, irrespective of the size of the employing office, 1981a(b)(3)(D) of title 42.
(2) **Age discrimination** — The remedy for a violation o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 1311
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General rule** For purposes of this subtitle, the term “adjusted gross income” means, in the case of an individual, gross income minus the following deductions:
(1) **Trade and business deductions** — The deductions allowed by this chapter (other than by part VII of this subchapter) which are attributable to a trade or business carried on by the taxpayer, if such trade or business does not consist of the performance of services by the taxpayer as an employee.
(2) **Certain trade and business deductions of employees**
(A) *Reimbursed expenses of employees* — The deductions allowed by part VI (section 161 and following) which consist of expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer, in connection with the performance by him of services as an employee, under a reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement with his employer. The fact that the reimbursement may be provided by a third party shall not be determinative of whether or not the preceding sentence applies.
(B) *Certain expenses of performing artists* — The deductions allowed by section 162 which consist of expenses paid or incurred by a qualified performing artist in connection with the performances by him of services in the performing arts as an employee.
(C) *Certain expenses of officials* — The deductions allowed by section 162 which consist of expenses paid or incurred with respect to services performed by an official as an employee of a State or a political subdivision thereof in a position compensated in whole or in part on a fee basis.
(D) *Certain expenses of elementary and secondary school teachers* — The deductions allowed by section 162 which consist of expenses, not in excess of $250, paid or incurred by an eligible educator—
(i) by reason of the participation of the educator
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general**
(1) **Limitation on damages for professional review actions** — If a professional review action (as defined in [section 11151(9) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section11151/9&num=0&edition=prelim)) of a professional review body meets all the standards specified in [section 11112(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section11112/a&num=0&edition=prelim), except as provided in subsection (b)—
(A) the professional review body,
(B) any person acting as a member or staff to the body,
(C) any person under a contract or other formal agreement with the body, and
(D) any person who participates with or assists the body with respect to the action,
shall not be liable in damages under any law of the United States or of any State (or political subdivision thereof) with respect to the action. The preceding sentence shall not apply to damages under any law of the United States or any State relating to the civil rights of any person or persons, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, [42 U.S.C. 2000e](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e&num=0&edition=prelim), et seq. and the Civil Rights Acts, [42 U.S.C. 1981](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section1981&num=0&edition=prelim), et seq. Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the United States or any Attorney General of a State from bringing an action, including an action under [section 15c of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section15c&num=0&edition=prelim), where such an action is otherwise authorized.
(2) **Protection for those providing information to professional review b
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 11112
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Government Accountability Office, the Government Publishing Office, and the Library of Congress shall be covered as follows:
(1) **In general** — The rights and protections under this chapter shall, subject to paragraph (2), apply with respect to the conduct of each instrumentality of the Congress.
(2) **Establishment of remedies and procedures by instrumentalities** — The chief official of each instrumentality of the Congress shall establish remedies and procedures to be utilized with respect to the rights and protections provided pursuant to paragraph (1).
(3) **Report to Congress** — The chief official of each instrumentality of the Congress shall, after establishing remedies and procedures for purposes of paragraph (2), submit to the Congress a report describing the remedies and procedures.
(4) **Definition of instrumentalities** — For purposes of this section, the term “instrumentality of the Congress” means the following:,11 So in original. The comma probably should not appear. the Government Accountability Office, the Government Publishing Office, and the Library of Congress,.1
(5) **Enforcement of employment rights** — The remedies and procedures set forth in [section 2000e–16 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000e-16&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be available to any employee of an instrumentality of the Congress who alleges a violation of the rights and protections under sections 12112 through 12114 of this title that are made applicable by this section, except that the authorities of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall be exercised by the chief official of the instrumentality of the Congress.
(6) **Enforcement of rights to public services and accommodations** — The remedies and pro
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 12212
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Discriminatory practices prohibited; employees or applicants for employment subject to coverage** All personnel actions affecting employees or applicants for employment (except with regard to aliens employed outside the limits of the United States) in military departments as defined in [section 102 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section102&num=0&edition=prelim), in executive agencies as defined in [section 105 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section105&num=0&edition=prelim) (including employees and applicants for employment who are paid from nonappropriated funds), in the United States Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory Commission, in those units of the Government of the District of Columbia having positions in the competitive service, and in those units of the judicial branch of the Federal Government having positions in the competitive service, in the Smithsonian Institution, and in the Government Publishing Office, the Government Accountability Office, and the Library of Congress shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
**(b) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; enforcement powers; issuance of rules, regulations, etc.; annual review and approval of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; review and evaluation of equal employment opportunity programs and publication of progress reports; consultations with interested parties; compliance with rules, regulations, etc.; contents of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; authority of Librarian of Congress** Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall have authori
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–16
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