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22 U.S.C. § 8601 — Findings
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Since 1948, United States Presidents and both houses of Congress, on a bipartisan basis and supported by the American people, have repeatedly reaffirmed the special bond between the United States and Israel, based on shared values and shared interests.
(2) The Middle East is undergoing rapid change, bringing with it hope for an expansion of democracy but also great challenges to the national security of the United States and our allies in the region, particularly to our most important ally in the region, Israel.
(3) The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran is continuing its decades-long pattern of seeking to foment instability and promote extremism in the Middle East, particularly in this time of dramatic political transition.
(4) At the same time, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran continues to enrich uranium in defiance of multiple United Nations Security Council resolutions.
(5) A nuclear-weapons capable Iran would fundamentally threaten vital United States interests, encourage regional nuclear proliferation, further empower Iran, the world’s leading state sponsor of terror, and pose a serious and destabilizing threat to Israel and the region.
(6) Over the past several years, with the assistance of the Governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria, Hizbollah and Hamas have increased their stockpile of rockets, with more than 60,000 now ready to be fired at Israel. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran continues to add to its arsenal of ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, which threaten Iran’s neighbors, Israel, and United States Armed Forces in the region.
(7) As a result, Israel is facing a fundamentally altered strategic environment.
(8) Pursuant to chapter 5 of title 1 of the
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 93, § 8601; chapter-093-united-states-israel-cooperation.md
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Congress makes the following findings:
(1) Since 1948, United States Presidents and both houses of Congress, on a bipartisan basis and supported by the American people, have repeatedly reaffirmed the special bond between the United States and Israel, based on shared values and shared interests.
(2) The Middle East is undergoing rapid change, bringing with it hope for an expansion of democracy but also great challenges to the national security of the United States and our allies in the region, particularly to our most important ally in the region, Israel.
(3) The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran is continuing its decades-long pattern of seeking to foment instability and promote extremism in the Middle East, particularly in this time of dramatic political transition.
(4) At the same time, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran continues to enrich uranium in defiance of multiple United Nations Security Council resolutions.
(5) A nuclear-weapons capable Iran would fundamentally threaten vital United States interests, encourage regional nuclear proliferation, further empower Iran, the world’s leading state sponsor of terror, and pose a serious and destabilizing threat to Israel and the region.
(6) Over the past several years, with the assistance of the Governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria, Hizbollah and Hamas have increased their stockpile of rockets, with more than 60,000 now ready to be fired at Israel. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran continues to add to its arsenal of ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, which threaten Iran’s neighbors, Israel, and United States Armed Forces in the region.
(7) As a result, Israel is facing a fundamentally altered strategic environment.
(8) Pursuant to chapter 5 of title 1 of the Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003 (Public Law 108–11; 117 Stat. 576), the authority to make available loan guarantees to Israel is currently set to expire on September 30, 2012.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Report by President; contents** The President shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and to the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate not more than sixty days after the end of each quarter an unclassified report (except that any material which was transmitted in classified form under subsection (b)(1) or (c)(1) of this section may be contained in a classified addendum to such report, and any letter of offer referred to in paragraph (1) of this subsection may be listed in such addendum unless such letter of offer has been the subject of an unclassified certification pursuant to subsection (b)(1) of this section, and any information provided under paragraph (11) of this subsection may also be provided in a classified addendum) containing—
(1) a listing of all letters of offer to sell any major defense equipment for $1,000,000 or more under this chapter to each foreign country and international organization, by category, if such letters of offer have not been accepted or canceled;
(2) a listing of all such letters of offer that have been accepted during the fiscal year in which such report is submitted, together with the total value of all defense articles and defense services sold to each foreign country and international organization during such fiscal year;
(3) the cumulative dollar amounts, by foreign country and international organization, of sales credit agreements under [section 2763 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2763&num=0&edition=prelim) and guaranty agreements under [section 2764 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2764&num=0&edi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2776
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that the United States International Development Finance Corporation should promote greater investment in clean and efficient energy technologies by—
(1) proactively reaching out to United States companies that are interested in investing in clean and efficient energy technologies in countries that are significant contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions;
(2) giving preferential treatment to the evaluation and awarding of projects that involve the investment or utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies; and
(3) providing greater flexibility in supporting projects that involve the investment or utilization of clean and efficient energy technologies, including financing, insurance, and other assistance.
**(b) Report** The United States International Development Finance Corporation shall include in its annual report required under [section 9653 of title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section9653&num=0&edition=prelim)—
(1) a description of the activities carried out to implement this section; or
(2) if the Corporation did not carry out any activities to implement this section, an explanation of the reasons therefor.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 17337
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** Beginning on the date that is one year after Dec. 27, 2020, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to establish a program to provide funding for projects to help build the foundation for peaceful co-existence between Israelis and Palestinians and for a sustainable two-state solution. The program established under this subsection shall be known as the “People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund” (referred to in this section as the “Fund”).
**(b) Eligibility for support** In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may provide support for qualified organizations, prioritizing those organizations that seek to build better cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians, including Palestinian organizations, Israeli organizations, and international organizations that bring Israelis and Palestinians together.
**(c) Additional eligibility for support** In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may additionally provide support to qualified organizations that further shared community building, peaceful co-existence, dialogue, and reconciliation between Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel.
**(d) Contributions** The Administrator—
(1) is encouraged to work with foreign governments and international organizations to leverage the impact of United States resources and achieve the objectives of this section; and
(2) is authorized to accept contributions for the purposes of the Fund, consistent with subsection (d) of [section 2395 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2395&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(e) Advisory board**
(1) **Establishment** — The Administrator shall establish an advisory board to make rec
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2346d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Transfer of defense articles** No defense article in the inventory of the Department of Defense which is set aside, reserved, or in any way earmarked or intended for future use by any foreign country may be made available to or for use by any foreign country unless such transfer is authorized under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2751](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2751&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] or any subsequent corresponding legislation, and the value of such transfer is charged against funds authorized under such legislation or against the limitations specified in such legislation, as appropriate, for the fiscal period in which such defense article is transferred. For purposes of this subsection, “value” means the acquisition cost plus crating, packing, handling, and transportation costs incurred in carrying out this section.
**(b) Fiscal year limits on new stockpiles or additions to existing stockpiles located in foreign countries**
(1) The value of defense articles to be set aside, earmarked, reserved, or intended for use as war reserve stocks for allied or other foreign countries (other than for purposes of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or in the implementation of agreements with Israel) in stockpiles located in foreign countries may not exceed in any fiscal year an amount that is specified in security assistance authorizing legislation for that fiscal year.
(2)
(A) The value of such additions to stockpiles of defense articles in foreign countries shall not exceed $500,000,000 for any of the fiscal years 2023 through 2027.
(B) Of the amount specified in subparagraph (A) for a fiscal year, not more than $200,000,000 may be made available for stockpiles in the State of
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2321h
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** The President is authorized, subject to existing law—
(1) to undertake activities in cooperation with Israel; and
(2) to provide assistance promoting cooperation in the fields of energy, water, agriculture, and alternative fuel technologies.
**(b) Requirements** In carrying out subsection (a), the President is authorized, subject to existing requirements of law and any applicable agreements or understandings between the United States and Israel—
(1) to share and exchange with Israel research, technology, intelligence, information, equipment, and personnel, including through sales, leases, or exchanges in kind, that the President determines will advance the national security interests of the United States and are consistent with the Strategic Dialogue and pertinent provisions of law; and
(2) to enhance scientific cooperation between Israel and the United States.
**(c) Cooperative research programs** The Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Director of the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency and with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, is authorized, subject to existing law, to enter into cooperative research programs with Israel to enhance Israel’s capabilities in—
(1) border, maritime, and aviation security;
(2) explosives detection;
(3) emergency services; and
(4) cybersecurity.
**(d) Authorization of appropriations** There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2021.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 8606
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** Congress finds the following:
(1) Israel is America’s dependable, democratic ally in the Middle East—an area of paramount strategic importance to the United States.
(2) The United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement formed the modern foundation of the bilateral commercial relationship between the two countries and was the first such agreement signed by the United States with a foreign country.
(3) The United States-Israel Free Trade Agreement has been instrumental in expanding commerce and the strategic relationship between the United States and Israel.
(4) More than $45,000,000,000 in goods and services is traded annually between the two countries, in addition to roughly $10,000,000,000 in United States foreign direct investment in Israel.
(5) The United States continues to look for and find new opportunities to enhance cooperation with Israel, including through the enactment of the United States-Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–150; [22 U.S.C. 8601](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section8601&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) and the United States-Israel Strategic Partnership Act of 2014 (Public Law 113–296; 128 Stat. 4075).
(6) It has been the policy of the United States Government to combat all elements of the Arab League Boycott of Israel by—
(A) public statements of Administration officials;
(B) enactment of relevant sections of the Export Administration Act of 1979 ([50 U.S.C. 4601](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section4601&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ([50 U.S.C. 1701](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title50-section170
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 4453
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
It is the policy of the United States:
(1) To reaffirm our unwavering commitment to the security of the State of Israel as a Jewish state. As President Barack Obama stated on December 16, 2011, “America’s commitment and my commitment to Israel and Israel’s security is unshakeable.” And as President George W. Bush stated before the Israeli Knesset on May 15, 2008, on the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, “The alliance between our governments is unbreakable, yet the source of our friendship runs deeper than any treaty.”.
(2) To help the Government of Israel preserve its qualitative military edge amid rapid and uncertain regional political transformation.
(3) To veto any one-sided anti-Israel resolutions at the United Nations Security Council.
(4) To support Israel’s inherent right to self-defense.
(5) To pursue avenues to expand cooperation with the Government of Israel both in defense and across the spectrum of civilian sectors, including high technology, agriculture, medicine, health, pharmaceuticals, and energy.
(6) To assist the Government of Israel with its ongoing efforts to forge a peaceful, negotiated settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that results in two states living side-by-side in peace and security, and to encourage Israel’s neighbors to recognize Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state.
(7) To encourage further development of advanced technology programs between the United States and Israel given current trends and instability in the region.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 8602
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter:
(1) **Appropriate congressional committees** — The term “appropriate congressional committees” means—
(A) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; and
(B) the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.
(2) **Qualitative military edge** — The term “qualitative military edge” has the meaning given the term in section 2776(h)(2) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 8605
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2104
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 8575
(D) interference by the People’s Republic
of China with attempts by the United States
to investigate or enforce sanctions on illicit
Iranian petroleum product exports;
(E) the effectiveness of the use of sanc-
tions with respect to insurers of entities
that own or operate vessels involved in
smuggling Iranian-origin petroleum prod-
ucts;
(F) the personnel and resources needed to
enforce sanctions with respect to Iranian-or-
igin petroleum products; and
(G) the impact of smuggled illicit Iranian-
origin petroleum products on global energy
markets.
(c) Form
The strategy required by subsection (a) shall
be submitted in unclassified form, but may in-
clude a classified index.
(Pub. L. 118–50, div. J, § 5, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat.
967.)
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
Section was enacted as part of the Stop Harboring
Iranian Petroleum Act, also known as the SHIP Act,
and not as part of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions,
Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 which com-
prises this chapter.
§ 8575. Definitions
In this subchapter:
(1) Appropriate congressional committees
The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com-
mittees’’ means—
(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the
Committee on the Judiciary, and the Com-
mittee on Financial Services of the House of
Representatives; and
(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations,
the Committee on the Judiciary, and the
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
Affairs of the Senate.
(2) Covered family member
The term ‘‘covered family member’’, with re-
spect to a foreign person who is an individual,
means a spouse, adult child, parent, or sibling
of the person who engages in the sanctionable
activity described under section 8572 of this
title or who
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 8601
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