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16 U.S.C. § 4203 — Statement of policy
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2470
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 4202
(Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2002, Oct. 7, 1988, 102
Stat. 2315.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 110–132, § 1, Dec. 6, 2007, 121 Stat. 1360, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4211, 4245, 5304, and
5306 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Multinational
Species Conservation Funds Reauthorization Act of
2007’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 107–111, § 1, Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 2095, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 4214 of this title,
amending sections 4211, 4212, and 4244 to 4246 of this
title, and repealing section 4243 of this title] may be
cited as the ‘African Elephant Conservation Reauthor-
ization Act of 2001’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 105–217, § 1, Aug. 5, 1998, 112 Stat. 911, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 4245 of this title]
may be cited as the ‘African Elephant Conservation Re-
authorization Act of 1998’.’’
SHORT TITLE
Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2001, Oct. 7, 1988, 102 Stat.
2315, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting this chapter
and amending section 1538 of this title] may be cited as
the ‘African Elephant Conservation Act’.’’
REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LIII, § 5308, Dec. 23, 2024,
138 Stat. 2446, provided that:
‘‘(a) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Annually, the Secretary
of the Interior shall submit to the appropriate commit-
tees of Congress a report on the implementation of—
‘‘(1) the African Elephant Conservation Act (16
U.S.C. 4201 et seq.);
‘‘(2) the Asian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997 (16
U.S.C. 4261 et seq.);
‘‘(3) the Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act of
1994 (16 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.);
‘‘(4) the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16
U.S.C. 6301 et se
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Page 2470
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 4202
(Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2002, Oct. 7, 1988, 102
Stat. 2315.)
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
SHORT TITLE OF 2007 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 110–132, § 1, Dec. 6, 2007, 121 Stat. 1360, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending sections 4211, 4245, 5304, and
5306 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Multinational
Species Conservation Funds Reauthorization Act of
2007’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 2002 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 107–111, § 1, Jan. 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 2095, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [enacting section 4214 of this title,
amending sections 4211, 4212, and 4244 to 4246 of this
title, and repealing section 4243 of this title] may be
cited as the ‘African Elephant Conservation Reauthor-
ization Act of 2001’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 1998 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 105–217, § 1, Aug. 5, 1998, 112 Stat. 911, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending section 4245 of this title]
may be cited as the ‘African Elephant Conservation Re-
authorization Act of 1998’.’’
SHORT TITLE
Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2001, Oct. 7, 1988, 102 Stat.
2315, provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting this chapter
and amending section 1538 of this title] may be cited as
the ‘African Elephant Conservation Act’.’’
REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LIII, § 5308, Dec. 23, 2024,
138 Stat. 2446, provided that:
‘‘(a) REPORTS TO CONGRESS.—Annually, the Secretary
of the Interior shall submit to the appropriate commit-
tees of Congress a report on the implementation of—
‘‘(1) the African Elephant Conservation Act (16
U.S.C. 4201 et seq.);
‘‘(2) the Asian Elephant Conservation Act of 1997 (16
U.S.C. 4261 et seq.);
‘‘(3) the Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act of
1994 (16 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.);
‘‘(4) the Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 (16
U.S.C. 6301 et seq.); and
‘‘(5) the Marine Turtle Conservation Act of 2004 (16
U.S.C. 6601 et seq.).
‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—A report submitted under sub-
section (a) shall include—
‘‘(1) a list of all awards issued each year under the
applicable Act;
‘‘(2) the total monetary amount issued to each
award recipient;
‘‘(3) the name of each award recipient organization;
‘‘(4) the country where each award will be imple-
mented; and
‘‘(5) a description of the projects to be completed
and completed under each award.’’
§ 4202. Findings
The Congress finds the following:
(1) Elephant populations in Africa have de-
clined at an alarming rate since the mid-
1970’s.
(2) The large illegal trade in African ele-
phant ivory is the major cause of this decline
and threatens the continued existence of the
African elephant.
(3) The African elephant is listed as threat-
ened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973
(16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) and its continued exist-
ence will be further jeopardized if this decline
is not reversed.
(4) Because African elephant ivory is indis-
tinguishable from Asian elephant ivory, there
is a need to ensure that the trade in African
elephant ivory does not further endanger the
Asian elephant, which is listed as endangered
under section 4 of the Endangered Species Act
of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533) and under Appendix I of
CITES.
(5) In response to the significant illegal
trade in African elephant ivory, the parties to
CITES established the CITES Ivory Control
System to curtail the illegal trade and to en-
courage African countries to manage, con-
serve, and protect their African elephant pop-
ulations.
(6) The CITES Ivory Control System entered
into force recently and should be allowed to
continue in force for a reasonable period of
time to assess its effectiveness in curtailing
the illegal trade in African elephant ivory.
(7) Although some African countries have ef-
fective African elephant conservation pro-
grams, many do not have sufficient resources
to properly manage, conserve, and protect
their elephant populations.
(8) The United States, as a party to CITES
and a large market for worked ivory, shares
responsibility
for
supporting
and
imple-
menting measures to stop the illegal trade in
African elephant ivory and to provide for the
conservation of the African elephant.
(9) There is no evidence that sport hunting is
part of the poaching that contributes to the il-
legal trade in African elephant ivory, and
there is evidence that the proper utilization of
well-managed elephant populations provides
an important source of funding for African ele-
phant conservation programs.
(Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2003, Oct. 7, 1988, 102
Stat. 2315.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Endangered Species Act of 1973, referred to in
par. (3), is Pub. L. 93–205, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884,
which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§ 1531 et seq.)
of this title. For complete classification of this Act to
the Code, see Short Title note set out under section
1531 of this title and Tables.
§ 4203. Statement of policy
It is the policy of the United States—
(1) to assist in the conservation and protec-
tion of the African elephant by supporting the
conservation programs of African countries
and the CITES Secretariat; and
(2) to provide financial resources for those
programs.
(Pub. L. 100–478, title II, § 2004, Oct. 7, 1988, 102
Stat. 2316.)
SUBCHAPTER I—AFRICAN ELEPHANT
CONSERVATION ASSISTANCE
§ 4211. Provision of assistance
(a) In general
The Secretary may provide financial assist-
ance under this subchapter from the Fund for
approved projects for research, conservation,
management, or protection of African elephants.
(b) Project proposal
Any African government agency responsible
for African elephant conservation and protec-
Cross-references
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** The Congress finds and declares that—
(1) various species of fish, wildlife, and plants in the United States have been rendered extinct as a consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation;
(2) other species of fish, wildlife, and plants have been so depleted in numbers that they are in danger of or threatened with extinction;
(3) these species of fish, wildlife, and plants are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people;
(4) the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the international community to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish or wildlife and plants facing extinction, pursuant to—
(A) migratory bird treaties with Canada and Mexico;
(B) the Migratory and Endangered Bird Treaty with Japan;
(C) the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere;
(D) the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries;
(E) the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean;
(F) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; and
(G) other international agreements; and
(5) encouraging the States and other interested parties, through Federal financial assistance and a system of incentives, to develop and maintain conservation programs which meet national and international standards is a key to meeting the Nation’s international commitments and to better safeguarding, for the benefit of all citizens, the Nation’s heritage in fish, wildlife, and plants.
**(b) Purposes** The purposes of this chapter are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1909
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 1531
maintenance of continuing and stable supply of agri-
cultural commodities and forest products.
Section 1502, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1002, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 242, required
eligible landowners and operators to furnish plan of
farming operations or land use to Secretary.
Section 1503, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1003, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 242; amended
Pub. L. 93–125, § 1(g)(i), Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 450, related
to approved conservation plans as basis for contracts,
duties under contracts, and termination or modifica-
tion of contracts.
Section 1504, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1004, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 243, author-
ized furnishing of conservation materials to eligible
owners and operators.
Section 1505, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1005, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 243; amended
Pub. L. 95–113, title XV, § 1509, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat.
1022, authorized establishment of multiyear set-aside
contracts.
Section 1506, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1006, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244, author-
ized issuance of rules and regulations as well as limita-
tions on total retired acreage.
Section 1507, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1007, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244; amended
Pub. L. 93–125, § 1(g)(ii), Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 450, di-
rected appointment of advisory boards to assist in de-
velopment of programs under this chapter.
Section 1508, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1008, as added
Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244, directed
coordination with and utilization of Federal, State, and
local services and facili
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Generally**
(1) The Secretary shall by regulation promulgated in accordance with subsection (b) determine whether any species is an endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the following factors:
(A) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range;
(B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;
(C) disease or predation;
(D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
(E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.
(2) With respect to any species over which program responsibilities have been vested in the Secretary of Commerce pursuant to Reorganization Plan Numbered 4 of 1970—
(A) in any case in which the Secretary of Commerce determines that such species should—
(i) be listed as an endangered species or a threatened species, or
(ii) be changed in status from a threatened species to an endangered species,
he shall so inform the Secretary of the Interior; who shall list such species in accordance with this section;
(B) in any case in which the Secretary of Commerce determines that such species should—
(i) be removed from any list published pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, or
(ii) be changed in status from an endangered species to a threatened species,
he shall recommend such action to the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of the Interior, if he concurs in the recommendation, shall implement such action; and
(C) the Secretary of the Interior may not list or remove from any list any such species, and may not change the status of any such species which are listed, without a prior favorable determination made pursuant to this section by the Secretary of Commer
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1913
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 1533
(18) The term ‘‘State agency’’ means any
State agency, department, board, commission,
or other governmental entity which is respon-
sible for the management and conservation of
fish, plant, or wildlife resources within a
State.
(19) The term ‘‘take’’ means to harass, harm,
pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture,
or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such
conduct.
(20) The term ‘‘threatened species’’ means
any species which is likely to become an en-
dangered species within the foreseeable future
throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.
(21) The term ‘‘United States’’, when used in
a geographical context, includes all States.
(Pub. L. 93–205, § 3, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 885; Pub.
L. 94–359, § 5, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 913; Pub. L.
95–632, § 2, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3751; Pub. L.
96–159, § 2, Dec. 28, 1979, 93 Stat. 1225; Pub. L.
97–304, § 4(b), Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1420; Pub. L.
100–478, title I, § 1001, Oct. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 2306.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original
‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 93–205, Dec. 28, 1973, 81
Stat. 884, known as the Endangered Species Act of 1973,
which is classified principally to this chapter. For com-
plete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short
Title note set out under section 1531 of this title and
Tables.
Reorganization Plan Numbered 4 of 1970, referred to
in par. (15), is Reorg. Plan No. 4 of 1970, eff. Oct. 3, 1970,
35 F.R. 15627, 84 Stat. 2090, which is set out in the Ap-
pendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Em-
ployees.
AMENDMENTS
1988—Par. (13). Pub. L. 100–478, § 1001(a), amended par.
(13) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (13) read as
follows: ‘
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter—
(1) the term “African elephant” means any animal of the species loxodonta africana;
(2) the term “CITES” means the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora;
(3) the term “CITES Ivory Control System” means the ivory quota and marking system established by CITES to curtail illegal trade in African elephant ivory;
(4) the term “Fund” means the account established by division A, section 101(e), title I of Public Law 105–277 under the heading “multinational species conservation fund” [[16 U.S.C. 4246](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4246&num=0&edition=prelim)];
(5) the terms “import” and “importation” have the meanings such terms have in the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ([16 U.S.C. 1531](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section1531&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(6) the term “intermediary country” means a country that exports raw or worked ivory that does not originate in that country;
(7) the term “ivory producing country” means any African country within which is located any part of the range of a population of African elephants;
(8) the term “ivory quota” means a quota submitted by an ivory producing country to the CITES Secretariat in accordance with the CITES Ivory Control System;
(9) the term “personal effects” means articles which are not intended for sale and are part of a shipment of the household effects of a person who is moving his or her residence to or from the United States, or are included in personal accompanying baggage;
(10) the term “raw ivory” means any African elephant tusk, and any piece thereof, the surface of which, polished or unpolished, is unaltered or minimally carved;
(11) the term “Secretary”
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2469
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 4201
same ratio that funds provided under this chap-
ter were used in the acquisition of the property.
In no case shall the amount paid into the Treas-
ury of the United States under this section ex-
ceed the amount of funds provided by this chap-
ter for the acquisition of the property involved.
(Pub. L. 99–659, title III, § 306, Nov. 14, 1986, 100
Stat. 3735.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the
original ‘‘this title’’, meaning title III of Pub. L. 99–659,
Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3731, which is classified prin-
cipally to this chapter. For complete classification of
title III to the Code, see Short Title note set out under
section 4101 of this title and Tables.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective Oct. 1, 1987, see section 310 of Pub.
L. 99–659, set out as a note under section 4101 of this
title.
§ 4106. Reports to Congress
After consultation with the States receiving
funds under this chapter and with any interstate
commission involved in carrying out a project
under this chapter, the Secretary shall submit
to the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish-
eries of the House of Representatives and the
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Trans-
portation of the Senate not later than 90 days
after the end of the fiscal year 1988, and each
second fiscal year occurring after that fiscal
year, a report which contains—
(1) a description of each project and law en-
forcement effort receiving funds under this
chapter during the last 2 fiscal years ending
before such report is submitted;
(2) a specification of the total amount of
funds from the Federal Government and the
total amount of funds from each State spent
on each project
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In fiscal year 1999 and thereafter, donations to provide assistance under [section 5304 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section5304&num=0&edition=prelim), part I of the African Elephant Conservation Act ([16 U.S.C. 4211](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4211&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), and [section 4264 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4264&num=0&edition=prelim) shall be deposited to this Fund and shall be available without further appropriation: Provided further, That in fiscal year 1999 and thereafter, all penalties received by the United States under section 2204 of the African Elephant Conservation Act ([16 U.S.C. 4224](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4224&num=0&edition=prelim)) which are not used to pay rewards under section 2205 of the African Elephant Conservation Act ([16 U.S.C. 4225](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4225&num=0&edition=prelim)) shall be deposited to this Fund to provide assistance under section 2101 of the African Elephant Conservation Act ([16 U.S.C. 4211](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section4211&num=0&edition=prelim)) and shall be available without further appropriation: Provided further, That in fiscal year 1999 and thereafter, not more than three percent of amounts appropriated to this Fund may be used by the Secretary of the Interior to administer the Fund.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds the following:
(1) Asian elephant populations in nations within the range of Asian elephants have continued to decline to the point that the long-term survival of the species in the wild is in serious jeopardy.
(2) The Asian elephant is listed as an endangered species under [section 1533 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section1533&num=0&edition=prelim) and under appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
(3) Because the challenges facing the conservation of Asian elephants are so great, resources to date have not been sufficient to cope with the continued loss of habitat and the consequent diminution of Asian elephant populations.
(4) The Asian elephant is a flagship species for the conservation of tropical forest habitats in which it is found and provides the consequent benefit from such conservation to numerous other species of wildlife including many other endangered species.
(5) Among the threats to the Asian elephant in addition to habitat loss are population fragmentation, human-elephant conflict, poaching for ivory, meat, hide, bones and teeth, and capture for domestication.
(6) To reduce, remove, or otherwise effectively address these threats to the long-term viability of populations of Asian elephants in the wild will require the joint commitment and effort of nations within the range of Asian elephants, the United States and other countries, and the private sector.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2476
TITLE 16—CONSERVATION
§ 4261
‘‘16 U.S.C. 4224’’, ‘‘section 2205 of the African Elephant
Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 4225)’’ for ‘‘16 U.S.C. 4225’’,
and ‘‘section 2101 of the African Elephant Conservation
Act (16 U.S.C. 4211)’’ for ‘‘16 U.S.C. 4211’’.
Pub. L. 107–111 and Pub. L. 107–112 amended section
identically, substituting ‘‘Rhinoceros and Tiger Con-
servation Act of 1994, part I’’ for ‘‘Rhinoceros and Tiger
Conservation Act, subchapter I’’.
CHAPTER 62A—ASIAN ELEPHANT
CONSERVATION
Sec.
4261.
Findings.
4262.
Purposes.
4263.
Definitions.
4264.
Asian elephant conservation assistance.
4265.
Acceptance and use of donations.
4265a.
Advisory group.
4266.
Authorization of appropriations.
§ 4261. Findings
The Congress finds the following:
(1) Asian elephant populations in nations
within the range of Asian elephants have con-
tinued to decline to the point that the long-
term survival of the species in the wild is in
serious jeopardy.
(2) The Asian elephant is listed as an endan-
gered species under section 1533 of this title
and under appendix I of the Convention on
International Trade of Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora.
(3) Because the challenges facing the con-
servation of Asian elephants are so great, re-
sources to date have not been sufficient to
cope with the continued loss of habitat and
the consequent diminution of Asian elephant
populations.
(4) The Asian elephant is a flagship species
for the conservation of tropical forest habitats
in which it is found and provides the con-
sequent benefit from such conservation to nu-
merous other species of wildlife including
many other endangered species.
(5) Among the threats to the Asian elephant
in addition to habitat loss are population frag-
mentation, human-el
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 16 U.S.C. § 4261
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Congress finds the following:
(1) The world’s rhinoceros population is declining at an alarming rate, a 90 percent decline since 1970.
(2) All 5 subspecies of tiger are currently threatened with extinction in the wild, with approximately 5,000 to 6,000 tigers remaining worldwide.
(3) All rhinoceros species have been listed on Appendix I of CITES since 1977.
(4) All tiger subspecies have been listed on Appendix I of CITES since 1987.
(5) The tiger and all rhinoceros species, except the southern subspecies of white rhinoceros, are listed as endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 ([16 U.S.C. 1531](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section1531&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.).
(6) In 1987, the parties to CITES adopted a resolution that urged all parties to establish a moratorium on the sale and trade in rhinoceros products (other than legally taken trophies), to destroy government stockpiles of rhinoceros horn, and to exert pressure on countries continuing to allow trade in rhinoceros products.
(7) On September 7, 1993, under [section 1978 of title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section1978&num=0&edition=prelim) the Secretary certified that the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan were engaged in trade of rhinoceros parts and tiger parts that diminished the effectiveness of an international conservation program for that endangered species.
(8) On September 9, 1993, the Standing Committee of CITES, in debating the continuing problem of trade in rhinoceros horn and tiger parts, adopted a resolution urging parties to CITES to implement stricter domestic measures, up to and including an immediate prohibition in trade in wildlife species.
(9) On November 8, 1993, under [
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 16 U.S.C. § 5301
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. The source passage cites 16 U.S.C. § 5301. This identifies an authority to review, not proof of applicability.