16 U.S.C. § 1531 — Congressional findings and declaration of

Page 1909 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1531 maintenance of continuing and stable supply of agri- cultural commodities and forest products. Section 1502, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1002, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 242, required eligible landowners and operators to furnish plan of farming operations or land use to Secretary. Section 1503, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1003, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 242; amended Pub. L. 93–125, § 1(g)(i), Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 450, related to approved conservation plans as basis for contracts, duties under contracts, and termination or modifica- tion of contracts. Section 1504, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1004, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 243, author- ized furnishing of conservation materials to eligible owners and operators. Section 1505, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1005, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 243; amended Pub. L. 95–113, title XV, § 1509, Sept. 29, 1977, 91 Stat. 1022, authorized establishment of multiyear set-aside contracts. Section 1506, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1006, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244, author- ized issuance of rules and regulations as well as limita- tions on total retired acreage. Section 1507, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1007, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244; amended Pub. L. 93–125, § 1(g)(ii), Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 450, di- rected appointment of advisory boards to assist in de- velopment of programs under this chapter. Section 1508, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1008, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 244, directed coordination with and utilization of Federal, State, and local services and facilities to carry out programs and plans. § 1509. Repealed. Pub. L. 95–313, § 16(a)(7), for- merly § 13(a)(7), July 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 374; re- numbered § 16(a)(7), Pub. L. 101–624, title XII, § 1215(1), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3525 Section, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1009, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 245, set forth pro- visions relating to establishment, funding require- ments, etc., for the forestry incentives program. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Section repealed effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 17 of Pub. L. 95–313, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2101 of this title. § 1510. Repealed. Pub. L. 104–127, title III, § 336(d)(1), Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 1006 Section, Pub. L. 91–524, title X, § 1010, as added Pub. L. 93–86, § 1(28), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 245; amended Pub. L. 95–313, § 16(a)(7), formerly § 13(a)(7), July 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 374, renumbered § 16(a)(7), Pub. L. 101–624, title XII, § 1215(1), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 3525, related to au- thorization of appropriations as well as construction and continuation of programs, contracts, and authori- ties. CHAPTER 35—ENDANGERED SPECIES Sec. 1531. Congressional findings and declaration of pur- poses and policy. 1532. Definitions. 1533. Determination of endangered species and threatened species. 1534. Land acquisition. 1535. Cooperation with States. 1536. Interagency cooperation. 1537. International cooperation. 1537a. Convention implementation. 1538. Prohibited acts. 1539. Exceptions. Sec. 1540. Penalties and enforcement. 1541. Endangered plants. 1542. Authorization of appropriations. 1543. Construction with Marine Mammal Protec- tion Act of 1972. 1544. Annual cost analysis by Fish and Wildlife Service. § 1531. Congressional findings and declaration of purposes and policy (a) Findings The Congress finds and declares that— (1) various species of fish, wildlife, and plants in the United States have been rendered extinct as a consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate con- cern and conservation; (2) other species of fish, wildlife, and plants have been so depleted in numbers that they are in danger of or threatened with extinction; (3) these species of fish, wildlife, and plants are of esthetic, ecological, educational, histor- ical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people; (4) the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the international commu- nity to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish or wildlife and plants facing extinction, pursuant to— (A) migratory bird treaties with Canada and Mexico; (B) the Migratory and Endangered Bird Treaty with Japan; (C) the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere; (D) the International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries; (E) the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean; (F) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; and (G) other international agreements; and (5) encouraging the States and other inter- ested parties, through Federal financial assist- ance and a system of incentives, to develop and maintain conservation programs which meet national and international standards is a key to meeting the Nation’s international commitments and to better safeguarding, for the benefit of all citizens, the Nation’s herit- age in fish, wildlife, and plants. (b) Purposes The purposes of this chapter are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which en- dangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species, and to take such steps as may be appropriate to achieve the purposes of the treaties and conventions set forth in sub- section (a) of this section. (c) Policy (1) It is further declared to be the policy of Congress that all Federal departments and agen- cies shall seek to conserve endangered species and threatened species and shall utilize their au- Page 1910 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1531 thorities in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter. (2) It is further declared to be the policy of Congress that Federal agencies shall cooperate with State and local agencies to resolve water resource issues in concert with conservation of endangered species. (Pub. L. 93–205, § 2, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884; Pub. L. 96–159, § 1, Dec. 28, 1979, 93 Stat. 1225; Pub. L. 97–304, § 9(a), Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1426; Pub. L. 100–478, title I, § 1013(a), Oct. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 2315.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c)(1), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 93–205, Dec. 28, 1973, 81 Stat. 884, known as the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which is classified principally to this chap- ter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. AMENDMENTS 1988—Subsec. (a)(4)(G). Pub. L. 100–478 substituted ‘‘; and’’ for period at end. 1982—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–304 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). 1979—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 96–159 substituted ‘‘wild- life, and plants’’ for ‘‘wildlife’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Pub. L. 93–205, § 16, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 903, provided that: ‘‘This Act [enacting this chapter, amending sec- tions 460k–1, 460l–9, 668dd, 715i, 715s, 1362, 1371, 1372, and 1402 of this title and section 136 of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing sections 668aa to 668cc–6 of this title, and en- acting provisions set out as notes under this section] shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Dec. 28, 1973].’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–304, § 1, Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1411, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending this section and sections 1532, 1533, 1535, 1536, 1537a, 1538, 1539, 1540, and 1542 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1533, 1537a, and 1539 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1982’.’’ SHORT TITLE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 95–632, § 1, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3751, provided: ‘‘That this Act [amending sections 1532 to 1536, 1538 to 1540, and 1542 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Endan- gered Species Act Amendments of 1978’.’’ SHORT TITLE Pub. L. 93–205, § 1, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 884, provided: ‘‘That this Act [enacting this chapter, amending sec- tions 460k–1, 460l–9, 668dd, 715i, 715s, 1362, 1371, 1372, and 1402 of this title and section 136 of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing sections 668aa to 668cc–6 of this title, and en- acting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Endangered Species Act of 1973’.’’ WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND WORKING LANDS FOR WILDLIFE CONSERVATION MODEL Pub. L. 115–334, title II, § 2407, Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 4573, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary [of Agriculture] and the Secretary of the Interior shall continue to carry out the Working Lands for Wildlife model of conserva- tion on working landscapes, as implemented on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2018], in accordance with— ‘‘(1) the document entitled ‘Partnership Agreement Between the United States Department of Agri- culture Natural Resources Conservation Service and the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service’, numbered A–3A7516–937, and formalized by the Chief of the Natural Resources Con- servation Service on September 15, 2016, and by the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Serv- ice on August 4, 2016, as in effect on September 15, 2016; and ‘‘(2) United States Fish and Wildlife Service Direc- tor’s Order No. 217, dated August 9, 2016, as in effect on August 9, 2016. ‘‘(b) EXPANSION OF MODEL.—The Secretary and the Secretary of the Interior may expand the conservation model described in subsection (a) through a new part- nership agreement between the Farm Service Agency and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for the purpose of carrying out conservation activities for spe- cies conservation. ‘‘(c) EXTENSION OF PERIOD OF REGULATORY PREDICT- ABILITY.— ‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF PERIOD OF REGULATORY PREDICT- ABILITY.—In this subsection, the term ‘period of regu- latory predictability’ means the period of regulatory predictability under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) initially determined in ac- cordance with the document and order described in paragraphs (1) and (2), respectively, of subsection (a). ‘‘(2) EXTENSION.—After the period of regulatory pre- dictability, on request of the Secretary, the Sec- retary of the Interior, acting through the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, may pro- vide additional consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)), or additional conference under section 7(a)(4) of that Act (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(4)), as applicable, with the Chief of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Administrator of the Farm Service Agency, as applicable, to extend the period of regu- latory predictability.’’ RELATIONSHIP TO ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 Pub. L. 102–251, title III, § 305, Mar. 9, 1992, 106 Stat. 66, as amended by Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(a) [title II, § 211(b)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009–41, provided that: ‘‘The special areas defined in section 3(24) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802(24)) shall be con- sidered places that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States for the purposes of the Endangered Spe- cies Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).’’ Executive Documents MINIMIZATION OF CONFLICTS WITH RECREATIONAL FISHERIES For provision that all Federal agencies minimize con- flicts between recreational fisheries and administration of this chapter, see Ex. Ord. No. 12962, § 4, June 7, 1995, 60 F.R. 30770, set out as a note under section 1801 of this title. EX. ORD. NO. 13648. COMBATING WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING Ex. Ord. No. 13648, July 1, 2013, 78 F.R. 40621, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to address the significant effects of wildlife trafficking on the national interests of the United States, I hereby order as follows: SECTION 1. Policy. The poaching of protected species and the illegal trade in wildlife and their derivative parts and products (together known as ‘‘wildlife traf- ficking’’) represent an international crisis that con- tinues to escalate. Poaching operations have expanded beyond small-scale, opportunistic actions to coordi- nated slaughter commissioned by armed and organized criminal syndicates. The survival of protected wildlife species such as elephants, rhinos, great apes, tigers, Page 1911 TITLE 16—CONSERVATION § 1532 sharks, tuna, and turtles has beneficial economic, so- cial, and environmental impacts that are important to all nations. Wildlife trafficking reduces those benefits while generating billions of dollars in illicit revenues each year, contributing to the illegal economy, fueling instability, and undermining security. Also, the pre- vention of trafficking of live animals helps us control the spread of emerging infectious diseases. For these reasons, it is in the national interest of the United States to combat wildlife trafficking. In order to enhance domestic efforts to combat wild- life trafficking, to assist foreign nations in building ca- pacity to combat wildlife trafficking, and to assist in combating transnational organized crime, executive de- partments and agencies (agencies) shall take all appro- priate actions within their authority, including the promulgation of rules and regulations and the provi- sion of technical and financial assistance, to combat wildlife trafficking in accordance with the following objectives: (a) in appropriate cases, the United States shall seek to assist those governments in anti-wildlife trafficking activities when requested by foreign nations experi- encing trafficking of protected wildlife; (b) the United States shall promote and encourage the development and enforcement by foreign nations of effective laws to prohibit the illegal taking of, and trade in, these species and to prosecute those who en- gage in wildlife trafficking, including by building ca- pacity; (c) in concert with the international community and partner organizations, the United States shall seek to combat wildlife trafficking; and (d) the United States shall seek to reduce the demand for illegally traded wildlife, both at home and abroad, while allowing legal and legitimate commerce involv- ing wildlife. SEC. 2. Establishment. There is established a Presi- dential Task Force on Wildlife Trafficking (Task Force), to be co-chaired by the Secretary of State, Sec- retary of the Interior, and the Attorney General (Co- Chairs), or their designees, who shall report to the President through the National Security Advisor. The Task Force shall develop and implement a National Strategy for Combating Wildlife Trafficking in accord- ance with the objectives outlined in section 1 of this order, consistent with section 4 of this order. SEC. 3. Membership. (a) In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Task Force shall include designated senior-level representatives from: (i) the Department of the Treasury; (ii) the Department of Defense; (iii) the Department of Agriculture; (iv) the Department of Commerce; (v) the Department of Transportation; (vi) the Department of Homeland Security; (vii) the United States Agency for International De- velopment; (viii) the Office of the Director of National Intel- ligence; (ix) the National Security Staff; (x) the Domestic Policy Council; (xi) the Council on Environmental Quality; (xii) the Office of Science and Technology Policy; (xiii) the Office of Management and Budget; (xiv) the Office of the United States Trade Represent- ative; and (xv) such agencies and offices as the Co-Chairs may, from time to time, designate. (b) The Task Force shall meet not later than 60 days from the date of this order and periodically thereafter. SEC. 4. Functions. Consistent with the authorities and responsibilities of member agencies, the Task Force shall perform the following functions: (a) not later than 180 days after the date of this order, produce a National Strategy for Combating Wildlife Trafficking that shall include consideration of issues relating to combating trafficking and curbing con- sumer demand, including: (i) effective support for anti-poaching activities; (ii) coordinating regional law enforcement efforts; (iii)developing and supporting effective legal enforce- ment mechanisms; and (iv) developing strategies to reduce illicit trade and reduce consumer demand for trade in protected species; (b) not later than 90 days from the date of this order, review the Strategy to Combat Transnational Orga- nized Crime of July 19, 2011, and, if appropriate, make recommendations regarding the inclusion of crime re- lated to wildlife trafficking as an implementation ele- ment for the Federal Government’s transnational orga- nized crime strategy; (c) coordinate efforts among and consult with agen- cies, as appropriate and consistent with the Depart- ment of State’s foreign affairs role, regarding work with foreign nations and international bodies that monitor and aid in enforcement against crime related to wildlife trafficking; and (d) carry out other functions necessary to implement this order. SEC. 5. Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking. Not later than 180 days from the date of this order, the Sec- retary of the Interior (Secretary), in consultation with the other Co-Chairs of the Task Force, shall establish an Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking (Advisory Council) that shall make recommendations to the Task Force and provide it with ongoing advice and assist- ance. The Advisory Council shall have eight members, one of whom shall be designated by the Secretary as the Chair. Members shall not be employees of the Fed- eral Government and shall include knowledgeable indi- viduals from the private sector, former governmental officials, representatives of nongovernmental organiza- tions, and others who are in a position to provide ex- pertise and support to the Task Force. SEC. 6. General Provisions. (a) This order shall be im- plemented consistent with applicable domestic and international law, and subject to the availability of ap- propriations. (b) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment, agency, or the head thereof, or the status of that department or agency within the Federal Govern- ment; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforce- able at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act, as amended ([former] 5 U.S.C. App.) [see 5 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.] (the ‘‘Act’’), may apply to the Advisory Council, any functions of the President under the Act, except for that of reporting to the Congress, shall be per- formed by the Secretary in accordance with the guide- lines issued by the Administrator of General Services. (e) The Department of the Interior shall provide fund- ing and administrative support for the Task Force and Advisory Council to the extent permitted by law and consistent with existing appropriations. BARACK OBAMA. [Reference to the National Security Staff to be un- derstood to refer to the staff of the National Security Council, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.] EXTENSION OF TERM OF ADVISORY COUNCIL ON WILDLIFE TRAFFICKING Term of Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking ex- tended until Sept. 30, 2017, by Ex. Ord. No. 13708, Sept. 30, 2015, 80 F.R. 60271, formerly set out as a note under section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. § 1532. Definitions For the purposes of this chapter—