22 U.S.C. § 2228 — International Muslim Youth Opportunity

Page 708 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2228 AMENDMENTS 2007—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–161 struck out ‘‘Libya,’’ after ‘‘Syria,’’. 2005—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–13 struck out ‘‘Iraq,’’ after ‘‘Burma,’’. 2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–228 added subsec. (d). 1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(d) [title V, § 516], inserted before period at end ‘‘, or at the discre- tion of the President, Communist countries listed in section 2370(f) of this title’’. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277, § 2809(a), designated exist- ing provisions as par. (1), substituted ‘‘Subject to para- graph (2), the limitations’’ for ‘‘The limitations’’, and added par. (2). 1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236, § 431(a)(1), sub- stituted ‘‘Burma, Iraq, North Korea, Syria’’ for ‘‘the South-West Africa People’s Organization’’. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–236, § 431(a)(2), added subsec. (c). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amend- ment note under section 2151–1 of this title. Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. § 2228. International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund (a) Purpose The purpose of this section is to strengthen the public educational systems in predomi- nantly Muslim countries by— (1) authorizing the establishment of an International Muslim Youth Educational Fund through which the United States dedi- cates resources, either through a separate fund or through an international organization, to assist those countries that commit to edu- cation reform; and (2) providing resources for the Fund and to the President to help strengthen the public educational systems in those countries. (b) Establishment of Fund (1) Authority The President is authorized to establish an International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund and to carry out programs consistent with paragraph (4) under existing authorities, including the Mutual Educational and Cul- tural Exchange Act of 1961 (commonly referred to as the ‘‘Fulbright-Hays Act’’) [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.]. (2) Location The Fund may be established— (A) as a separate fund in the Treasury; or (B) through an international organization or international financial institution, such as the United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization, the United Na- tions Development Program, or the Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and Devel- opment. (3) Transfers and receipts The head of any department, agency, or in- strumentality of the United States Govern- ment may transfer any amount to the Fund, and the Fund may receive funds from private enterprises, foreign countries, or other enti- ties. (4) Activities of the Fund The Fund shall support programs described in this paragraph to improve the education en- vironment in predominantly Muslim coun- tries. (A) Assistance to enhance modern edu- cational programs (i) The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of a program of reform to create a modern education curriculum in the public educational systems in such coun- tries. (ii) The establishment or modernization of educational materials to advance a modern educational curriculum in such systems. (iii) Teaching English to adults and chil- dren. (iv) The enhancement in predominantly Muslim countries of community, family, and student participation in the formulation and implementation of education strategies and programs in such countries. (B) Assistance for training and exchange pro- grams for teachers, administrators, and students (i) The establishment of training programs for teachers and educational administrators to enhance skills, including the establish- ment of regional centers to train individuals who can transfer such skills upon return to their countries. (ii) The establishment of exchange pro- grams for teachers and administrators in predominantly Muslim countries and with other countries to stimulate additional ideas and reform throughout the world, including teacher training exchange programs focused on primary school teachers in such coun- tries. (iii) The establishment of exchange pro- grams for primary and secondary students in predominantly Muslim countries and with other countries to foster understanding and tolerance and to stimulate long-standing re- lationships. (C) Assistance targeting primary and sec- ondary students (i) The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of after-school programs, civic education programs, and education programs focusing on life skills, such as inter-personal skills and social relations and skills for healthy living, such as nutrition and physical fitness. (ii) The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of programs to improve the proficiency of primary and secondary students in information technology skills. (D) Assistance for development of youth pro- fessionals (i) The establishment of programs in pre- dominantly Muslim countries to improve vo- Page 709 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2228 1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘subparagraph (A)’’. cational training in trades to help strength- en participation of Muslims and Arabs in the economic development of their countries. (ii) The establishment of programs in pre- dominantly Muslim countries that target older Muslim youths not in school in such areas as entrepreneurial skills, accounting, micro-finance activities, work training, fi- nancial literacy, and information tech- nology. (E) Other types of assistance (i) The translation of foreign books, news- papers, reference guides, and other reading materials into local languages. (ii) The construction and equipping of modern community and university libraries. (5) Authorization of appropriations (A) In general There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2008, 2009, and 2010. (B) Availability Amounts appropriated pursuant to the au- thorization of appropriations under sub- section (a) 1 are authorized to remain avail- able until expended. (C) Additional funds Amounts authorized to be appropriated under subsection (a) 1 shall be in addition to amounts otherwise available for such pur- poses. (6) Report to Congress Not later than 180 days after August 3, 2007, and annually thereafter until January 30, 2010, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on United States efforts to assist in the improvement of educational opportunities for predominantly Muslim children and youths, including the progress made toward establishing the Inter- national Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund. (7) Appropriate congressional committees de- fined In this subsection, the term ‘‘appropriate congressional committees’’ means the Com- mittee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representa- tives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. (Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7114, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3798; Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2012, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 509.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, which is classified prin- cipally to chapter 33 (§ 2451 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. August 3, 2007, referred to in subsec. (b)(6), was in the original ‘‘the date of the enactment of this section’’ and was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–53, which generally amended this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Intelligence Re- form and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 and also as part of the 9/11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. AMENDMENTS 2007—Pub. L. 110–53 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions relating to pur- pose of section, authority of President to establish an International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund as a separate fund in the Treasury or through an inter- national organization or financial institution, and au- thority of Fund to support specified activities, for pro- visions setting forth congressional findings and author- izing the Secretary of State to establish an Inter- national Youth Opportunity Fund through an existing international organization. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries FINDINGS; POLICY Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2011, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 509, provided that: ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—Congress makes the following find- ings: ‘‘(1) The report of the National Commission on Ter- rorist Attacks Upon the United States stated that ‘[e]ducation that teaches tolerance, the dignity and value of each individual, and respect for different be- liefs is a key element in any global strategy to elimi- nate Islamist terrorism’. ‘‘(2) The report of the National Commission on Ter- rorist Attacks Upon the United States concluded that ensuring educational opportunity is essential to the efforts of the United States to defeat global terrorism and recommended that the United States Govern- ment ‘should offer to join with other nations in gen- erously supporting [spending funds] . . . directly for building and operating primary and secondary schools in those Muslim states that commit to sen- sibly investing their own money in public education’. ‘‘(3) While Congress endorsed such a program in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458 [see Tables for classifica- tion]), such a program has not been established. ‘‘(b) POLICY.—It is the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to work toward the goal of dramatically in- creasing the availability of modern basic education through public schools in predominantly Muslim countries, which will reduce the influence of radical madrassas and other institutions that promote reli- gious extremism; ‘‘(2) to join with other countries in generously sup- porting the International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund authorized under section 7114 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 [22 U.S.C. 2228], as amended by section 2012 of this Act, with the goal of building and supporting public pri- mary and secondary schools in predominantly Mus- lim countries that commit to sensibly investing the resources of such countries in modern public edu- cation; ‘‘(3) to offer additional incentives to increase the availability of modern basic education in predomi- nantly Muslim countries; and ‘‘(4) to work to prevent financing of educational in- stitutions that support radical Islamic fundamen- talism.’’ Page 710 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE §§ 2241 to 2243 Executive Documents ASSIGNMENT OF SPECIFIED REPORTING AND DETERMINA- TION FUNCTIONS RELATING TO AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, SAUDI ARABIA, AND CERTAIN EDUCATION ABROAD Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 28, 2007, 72 F.R. 56871, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Sec- retary of Defense[, and] the Director of National Intel- ligence By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby assign to the Secretary of State the functions of the President under sections 2041(d)(3), 2042(c)(1), 2042(d), and 2043(c)(1) of the Implementing Rec- ommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (Pub- lic Law 110–53) (the ‘‘9/11 Act’’) and section 7114(b)(6) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458), as amended. The Secretary of State shall consult with: (1) the Secretary of Defense in the performance of the functions in section 2041(d)(3) of the 9/11 Act; and (2) the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Na- tional Intelligence in the performance of the functions in section 2043(c)(1) of the 9/11 Act. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. GEORGE W. BUSH. PART IV—SUPPORTING ASSISTANCE Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO PART IV OF SUBCHAPTER I DEEMED REFERENCES TO PART IV OF SUBCHAPTER II References to part IV of subchapter I of this chapter, or any sections thereof, are deemed references to part IV of subchapter II (§ 2346 et seq.) of this chapter, or to appropriate sections thereof. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title. §§ 2241 to 2243. Repealed. Pub. L. 92–226, pt. II, § 202(b), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 27 Section 2241, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 401, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 108(a), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 111(a), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 454, provided for general authority and limita- tion on countries to receive assistance. Section 2242, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 402, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 108, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 259; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 109, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 383; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, § 107, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 107, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 656; Pub. L. 89–371, § 1, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 74; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 108(b), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 111(b), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 454; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, § 109, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 962; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 109, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 819; Pub. L. 91–652, § 5, Jan. 5, 1971; 84 Stat. 1942, provided for author- ization of appropriations, executive approval of budg- eting of proceeds by Vietnam for economic assistance projects or programs, and executive approval of accom- modation rate of exchange between United States and Vietnam. Section 2243, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 403, as added Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 111(c), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 454, pro- vided for United States refund claims. For subject matters of sections 2241 to 2243 of this title, see sections 2346, 2346a, and 2346b of this title, re- spectively. PART V—CONTINGENCIES § 2261. Authorization of appropriations (a) Emergency assistance; reports to Speaker of House and committees of Senate (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to use funds made available to carry out any provision of this chapter (other than the provisions of part I of this subchapter) in order to provide, for any unanticipated contingencies, assistance author- ized by subchapter I of this chapter in accord- ance with the provisions applicable to the fur- nishing of such assistance, except that the au- thority of this subsection may not be used to au- thorize the use of more than $25,000,000 during any fiscal year. (2) The President shall report promptly to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate each time he exercises the authority contained in this subsection. (b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560 (c) Prohibition against payment of gifts to for- eign officials No part of this fund shall be used to pay for any gifts to any officials of any foreign govern- ment made heretofore or hereafter. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 451, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 109, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 259; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 110, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 384; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, § 108, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 108, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 656; Pub. L. 89–371, § 2, Mar. 18, 1966, 80 Stat. 74; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 109, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 801; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 112, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 455; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, § 110, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 962; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 110, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 819; Pub. L. 91–652, § 6(a), Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1942; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 108, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 24; Pub. L. 93–189, § 10, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 719; Pub. L. 93–559, § 28(c), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1803; Pub. L. 94–329, title V, § 503(2), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 95–92, § 2, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 614; Pub. L. 95–384, § 2, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 96–92, § 2(b), Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 701; Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 588, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2056.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. AMENDMENTS 1990—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–513 struck out ‘‘not to exceed $10,000,000 of’’ after ‘‘authorized to use’’ and ‘‘in any fiscal year’’ after ‘‘funds made available’’, sub- stituted ‘‘unanticipated contingencies’’ for ‘‘emergency purposes’’, and directed the amendment of subsec. (a) by inserting before the period ‘‘, except that the au- thority of this subsection may not be used to authorize the use of more than $25,000,000 during any fiscal year’’, which was executed by making the insertion before the period in par. (1) to reflect the probable intent of Con- gress. 1981—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–113 struck out subsec. (b) which required quarterly Presidential reports to Com- mittees of Senate and Speaker of House on the pro- gramming and obligation of funds under this section.