20 U.S.C. § 1754 — Provisions respecting transportation of

Page 1037 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1757 (Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 253, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 519.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title. § 1753. Uniform rules of evidence requirement The rules of evidence required to prove that State or local authorities are practicing racial discrimination in assigning students to public schools shall be uniform throughout the United States. (Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 254, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 520.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title. § 1754. Provisions respecting transportation of pupils to achieve racial balance and judicial power to insure compliance with constitu- tional standards applicable to the entire United States The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)] providing in substance that no court or official of the United States shall be empowered to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the ex- isting power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards shall apply to all public school pupils and to every public school system, public school and public school board, as defined by title IV [42 U.S.C. 2000c et seq.], under all circumstances and conditions and at all times in every State, district, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States, regardless of whether the residence of such public school pupils or the principal offices of such public school system, public school or public school board is situated in the northern, eastern, western, or southern part of the United States. (Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 255, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 520.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title. § 1755. Additional priority of remedies after find- ing of de jure segregation Notwithstanding any other provision of law, after June 30, 1974 no court of the United States shall order the implementation of any plan to remedy a finding of de jure segregation which involves the transportation of students, unless the court first finds that all alternative rem- edies are inadequate. (Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 256, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 520.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title. § 1756. Remedies with respect to school district lines In the formulation of remedies under this chapter the lines drawn by a State subdividing its territory into separate school districts, shall not be ignored or altered except where it is es- tablished that the lines were drawn, or main- tained or crossed for the purpose, and had the ef- fect of segregating children among public schools on the basis of race, color, sex, or na- tional origin, or where it is established that, as a result of discriminatory actions within the school districts, the lines have had the effect of segregating children among public schools on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin. (Pub. L. 93–380, title II, § 257, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 520.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective on and after sixtieth day after Aug. 21, 1974, see section 2(c) of Pub. L. 93–380, set out as a note under section 1221–1 of this title. § 1757. Prohibition of forced busing during school year (a) Congressional findings The Congress finds that— (1) the forced transportation of elementary and secondary school students in implementa- tion of the constitutional requirement for the desegregation of such schools is controversial and difficult under the best planning and ad- ministration; and (2) the forced transportation of elementary and secondary school students after the com- mencement of an academic school year is edu- cationally unsound and administratively inef- ficient. (b) Student transportation orders incidental to student transfers pursuant to school desegre- gation plans effective beginning with aca- demic school year Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, no order of a court, department, or agency of the United States, requiring the transportation of any student incident to the transfer of that stu- dent from one elementary or secondary school to another such school in a local educational agency pursuant to a plan requiring such trans- portation for the racial desegregation of any school in that agency, shall be effective until the beginning of an academic school year. (c) ‘‘Academic school year’’ defined For the purpose of this section, the term ‘‘aca- demic school year’’ means, pursuant to regula-