22 U.S.C. § 2452 — Authorization of activities

Page 961 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2452 celebration or other international exhibition with an international organization for participation by the United States. See section 2801 et seq. of this title. § 2452. Authorization of activities (a) Grants or contracts for educational or cul- tural exchanges; participation in inter- national fairs and expositions abroad The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative re- lations, to provide, by grant, contract, or other- wise, for— (1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other edu- cational activities— (A) of or for American citizens and nation- als in foreign countries, and (B) of or for citizens and nationals of for- eign countries in American schools and in- stitutions of learning located in or outside the United States; and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors; (2) cultural exchanges, by financing— (i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished persons; (ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment; (iii) United States representation in inter- national artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assem- blies; and (iv) participation by groups and individ- uals from other countries in nonprofit ac- tivities in the United States, including in coordination and consultation with the pri- vate sector, similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the Director of the United States In- formation Agency determines that such par- ticipation is in the national interest; and (3) United States participation in inter- national fairs and expositions abroad, includ- ing trade and industrial fairs and other public or private demonstrations of United States economic accomplishments and cultural at- tainments. (b) Other exchanges In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the President is further authorized to provide for— (1) interchanges between the United States and other countries of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of lit- erature, periodicals, and Government publica- tions, and the reproduction and translation of such writings, and the preparation, distribu- tion, and interchange of other educational and research materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for education and re- search; (2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better rela- tions and understanding between the United States and other nations through cooperative study, training, and research; (3) assistance in the establishment, expan- sion, maintenance, and operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded, operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institutions of the United States, including such schools and institutions serving as dem- onstration centers for methods and practices employed in the United States; (4) fostering and supporting American stud- ies in foreign countries through professor- ships, lectureships, institutes, seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history, government, economics, language and lit- erature, and other subjects related to Amer- ican civilization and culture, including financ- ing the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries; (5) promoting and supporting medical, sci- entific, cultural, and educational research and development; (6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities by sup- porting visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective teachers in such schools, colleges, and universities for the pur- pose of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the culture of the people of those countries, and by financing visits by teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose of participating in for- eign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and univer- sities; (7) United States representation at inter- national nongovernmental educational, sci- entific, and technical meetings; (8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under American auspices in or outside the United States; (9) encouraging independent research into the problems of educational and cultural ex- change; (10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in the United States by making available to citi- zens and nationals of less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for currencies of their respective countries (other than ex- cess foreign currencies), at United States em- bassies, United States dollars in such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizens or nationals who are coming tempo- rarily to the United States as students, train- ees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet expenses of the kind described in section 2454(e)(1) of this title; (11) interchanges and visits between the United States and other countries of sci- entists, scholars, leaders, and other experts in Page 962 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2452 the fields of environmental science and envi- ronmental management; and (12) promoting respect for and guarantees of religious freedom abroad by interchanges and visits between the United States and other na- tions of religious leaders, scholars, and reli- gious and legal experts in the field of religious freedom. (Pub. L. 87–256, § 102, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. IV, § 403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 89–698, title II, § 203(a), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1071; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, § 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 98–164, title VII, § 703(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045; Pub. L. 105–292, title V, § 503, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2811; Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVI, § 9604(b)(1), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3912.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classifica- tion of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. AMENDMENTS 2022—Subsec. (a)(2)(iii). Pub. L. 117–263, § 9604(b)(1)(A), inserted ‘‘and’’ at end. Subsec. (a)(2)(iv). Pub. L. 117–263, § 9604(b)(1)(B), in- serted ‘‘, including in coordination and consultation with the private sector,’’ before ‘‘similar’’ and sub- stituted ‘‘; and’’ for period at end. 1998—Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 105–292 added par. (12). 1983—Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 98–164 added par. (11). 1966—Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 89–698 added par. (10). 1962—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 87–565 inserted ‘‘abroad’’ after ‘‘expositions’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 87–565, pt. IV, § 403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263, provided in part that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall not be applicable with respect to any fair or exposition within the United States for which an appropriation has been provided.’’ TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broad- casting Board of Governors and International Broad- casting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. ‘‘Director of the United States Information Agen- cy’’ substituted for ‘‘Director of the International Com- munication Agency’’ in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, ‘‘Director of the International Communication Agency’’ substituted for ‘‘President’’ in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, § 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred func- tions vested in President, Secretary of State, Depart- ment of State, United States Information Agency, or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (b)(6), (10) of this section, and sections 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Edu- cation, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] im- mediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. PILOT PROGRAM TO PROVIDE GRANTS TO AMERICAN- SPONSORED SCHOOLS IN PREDOMINANTLY MUSLIM COUNTRIES TO PROVIDE SCHOLARSHIPS Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7113, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3797, as amended, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is classified to section 2452c of this title. CONDUCT OF CERTAIN EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS Pub. L. 104–319, title I, § 102, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, § 402], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–445, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out programs of edu- cational and cultural exchange in countries whose peo- ple do not fully enjoy freedom and democracy, the Sec- retary of State, with the assistance of the Under Sec- retary of State for Public Diplomacy, shall provide, where appropriate, opportunities for significant par- ticipation in such programs to nationals of such coun- tries who are— ‘‘(1) human rights or democracy leaders of such countries; or ‘‘(2) committed to advancing human rights and democratic values in such countries. ‘‘(b) GRANTEE ORGANIZATIONS.—To the extent prac- ticable, grantee organizations selected to operate pro- grams described in subsection (a) shall be selected through an open competitive process. Among the fac- tors that should be considered in the selection of such a grantee are the willingness and ability of the organi- zation to— ‘‘(1) recruit a broad range of participants, including those described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a); and ‘‘(2) ensure that the governments of the countries described in subsection (a) do not have inappropriate influence in the selection process.’’ LIMITATION ON PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS OR FAIRS Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 230, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424, which provided that United States Information Agency could not obligate or expend funds for a United States Government funded pavilion or major exhibit at any international exposition or world’s fair in excess of amounts expressly authorized and appropriated for such purpose, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, § 204(e)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–421. See section 2452b of this title. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE, SCHOLARSHIP, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXIV, § 7403, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2543, authorized expansion of partner- ships and educational exchange opportunities with stu- dents, scholars, and experts from Sub-Saharan Africa. Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title III, subtitle D (§§ 331–335, 337), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3114–3118, as amended by Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVII, § 9716(b), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3921, known as the Gandhi-King Schol- arly Exchange Initiative Act, authorized establishment of professional exchange program, professional develop- ment training initiative, and development foundation between the United States and India. Pub. L. 110–83, Sept. 20, 2007, 121 Stat. 781, authorized establishment of a United States-Poland parliamentary youth exchange program. Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(4) [div. B, title II], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–254, as amended by Pub. L. 107–228, Page 963 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2452a div. A, title II, § 227, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, § 7085, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2685, known as the Vietnam Education Foundation Act of 2000, established the Vietnam Education Foundation to provide fellowships to Vietnamese nationals to study the sciences, mathematics, medicine, and technology in the United States and to United States citizens to teach those subjects in Vietnam. Pub. L. 104–319, title I, § 103, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, § 2415, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–834; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, § 401], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–445; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, § 222, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, authorized es- tablishment of educational and cultural exchange pro- grams between United States and people of Tibet and authorized scholarships for Tibetans and Burmese. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 235, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment and maintenance of American studies collections at appropriate foreign university libraries to further the study of the United States. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment of educational and cul- tural exchange programs between United States and Tibet. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 237, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, established a scholarship program for East Timor- ese students qualified to study in United States. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 238, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to establishment and expansion of Cam- bodian scholarship and exchange programs. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 239, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to expansion of exchange program alloca- tions to Africa. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 240, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, as amended by Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 102(a)(7)(A), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619, established a program to pro- mote academic exchanges in disciplines relevant to en- vironment and sustainable development. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 241, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, authorized scholarships to qualified students from South Pacific nations. Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 242, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, provided for international exchange programs in- volving disability related matters. Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, § 807, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3353, authorized exchange and training programs be- tween United States and independent states of former Soviet Union. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 210, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 694, authorized grants to Claude and Mildred Pepper Scholarship Program of the Washington Workshops Foundation to enable foreign visiting students to ob- serve workings and operations of democratic form of government of United States. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 214, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 696, established Israeli Arab Scholarship Fund within United States Information Agency to finance attend- ance of Israeli Arabs at United States institutions of higher education. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 225, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized establishment of an endowment fund to support an exchange program among secondary school students from United States and former Warsaw Pact countries, prior to repeal, eff. 6 months after Oct. 24, 1992, by Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, § 807(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3354. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 226, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized scholarships for foreign and United States students and scholars awarded by Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of United States In- formation Agency to facilitate study, research, and teaching within United States. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 227, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 700, as amended by Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, § 801, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3352; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, § 2413, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–832, estab- lished Muskie Fellowship Program to award scholar- ships to graduate students from independent states of the former Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, and Esto- nia for study within United States. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 228, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, as amended by Pub. L. 103–236, title II, § 233, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, § 2219(a)(7), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–817, authorized assistance to United States graduate and postdoctoral students researching Near and Middle East. Pub. L. 102–138, title II, § 229, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, authorized scholarships for Vietnamese residents qualified to study in United States. STUDY AND REPORT ON WAYS TO REDUCE THE DRAIN FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF PROFESSIONAL PER- SONS AND SKILLED SPECIALISTS Pub. L. 89–698, title III, § 301, Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072, authorized Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to conduct an investigation to determine num- ber of individuals from developing countries who enter United States annually to further their education and fail to return to their homeland and to report to Presi- dent and to Congress findings and conclusions together with recommendations for any legislation deemed nec- essary to encourage these individuals to return and use their education and training in service of their home- land. Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Infor- mation Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, as amended, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. PERFORMANCE OF FUNCTIONS Authorization of performance of functions under sub- sec. (a)(2) and (3) of this section by departments or other executive agencies, see Ex. Ord. No. 11380, § 2, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627, set out as a note under sec- tion 2454 of this title. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 10716 Ex. Ord. No. 10716, June 18, 1957, 22 F.R. 4345, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10912, Jan. 19, 1961, 26 F.R. 509, which related to administration of programs under this chapter, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. § 2452a. Exchange program with countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy (a) Authorization of activities; grants or con- tracts for exchanges with foreign countries Pursuant to the Mutual Educational and Cul- tural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.] and using the authorities contained therein, the President is authorized, when the President con- siders that it would strengthen international co- operative relations, to provide, by grant, con- tract, or otherwise, for exchanges with countries that are in transition from totalitarianism to democracy, which include, but are not limited to Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania— (1) by financing studies, research, instruc- tion, and related activities— (A) of or for American citizens and nation- als in foreign countries; and (B) of or for citizens and nationals of for- eign countries in American private busi- nesses, trade associations, unions, chambers