20 U.S.C. § 1656 — Prohibition against official or court or-

Page 1025 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1681 § 1653. Omitted Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Section, Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 803, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 372, provided that the effectiveness of orders of district courts requiring transfer or transportation of students for purposes of achieving a balance among stu- dents with respect to race, sex, religion, or socio- economic status, be postponed until all appeals in con- nection with such orders have been exhausted or until expiration of the time for such appeals, expired at mid- night on Jan. 1, 1974. § 1654. Intervention authorization in implemen- tation of court orders A parent or guardian of a child, or parents or guardians of children similarly situated, trans- ported to a public school in accordance with a court order, may seek to reopen or intervene in the further implementation of such court order, currently in effect, if the time or distance of travel is so great as to risk the health of the student or significantly impinge on his or her educational process. (Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 804, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 372.) § 1655. Uniform rules of evidence of racial dis- crimination The rules of evidence required to prove that State or local authorities are practicing racial discrimination in assigning students to public schools shall be uniform throughout the United States. (Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 805, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 372.) § 1656. Prohibition against official or court or- ders to achieve racial balance or insure com- pliance with constitutional standards appli- cable to entire United States The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)] providing in substance that no court or official of the United States shall be empowered to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the ex- isting power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards shall apply to all public school pupils and to every public school system, public school and public school board, as defined by title IV [42 U.S.C. 2000c et seq.], under all circumstances and conditions and at all times in every State, district, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States regardless of whether the residence of such public school pupils or the principal offices of such public school system, public school or public school board is situated in the northern, eastern, western, or southern part of the United States. (Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 806, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 373.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The Civil Rights Act of 1964, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 88–352, July 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 241. Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is classified generally to sub- chapter IV (§ 2000c et seq.) of chapter 21 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2000a of Title 42 and Tables. CHAPTER 38—DISCRIMINATION BASED ON SEX OR BLINDNESS Sec. 1681. Sex. 1682. Federal administrative enforcement; report to Congressional committees. 1683. Judicial review. 1684. Blindness or visual impairment; prohibition against discrimination. 1685. Authority under other laws unaffected. 1686. Interpretation with respect to living facili- ties. 1687. Interpretation of ‘‘program or activity’’. 1688. Neutrality with respect to abortion. 1689. Task Force on Sexual Violence in Education. § 1681. Sex (a) Prohibition against discrimination; excep- tions No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to dis- crimination under any education program or ac- tivity receiving Federal financial assistance, ex- cept that: (1) Classes of educational institutions subject to prohibition in regard to admissions to educational insti- tutions, this section shall apply only to insti- tutions of vocational education, professional education, and graduate higher education, and to public institutions of undergraduate higher education; (2) Educational institutions commencing planned change in admissions in regard to admissions to educational insti- tutions, this section shall not apply (A) for one year from June 23, 1972, nor for six years after June 23, 1972, in the case of an edu- cational institution which has begun the proc- ess of changing from being an institution which admits only students of one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Sec- retary of Education or (B) for seven years from the date an educational institution be- gins the process of changing from being an in- stitution which admits only students of only one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is car- rying out a plan for such a change which is ap- proved by the Secretary of Education, which- ever is the later; (3) Educational institutions of religious organi- zations with contrary religious tenets this section shall not apply to an edu- cational institution which is controlled by a religious organization if the application of