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20 U.S.C. § 1656 — Prohibition against official or court orders to achieve racial balance or insure compliance with constitutional standards applicable to entire United States
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000c–6/a&num=0&edition=prelim)] providing in substance that no court or official of the United States shall be empowered to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards shall apply to all public school pupils and to every public school system, public school and public school board, as defined by title IV [[42 U.S.C. 2000c](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000c&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], under all circumstances and conditions and at all times in every State, district, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States regardless of whether the residence of such public school pupils or the principal offices of such public school system, public school or public school board is situated in the northern, eastern, western, or southern part of the United States.
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-20/section-1656-prohibition-against-official-or-court-orders-to-achieve-racial-balance-o--102123857d.md
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Source location: Title 20, Chapter 37, § 1656; chapter-037-assignment-or-transportation-of-students.md
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The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000c–6/a&num=0&edition=prelim)] providing in substance that no court or official of the United States shall be empowered to issue any order seeking to achieve a racial balance in any school by requiring the transportation of pupils or students from one school to another or one school district to another in order to achieve such racial balance, or otherwise enlarge the existing power of the court to insure compliance with constitutional standards shall apply to all public school pupils and to every public school system, public school and public school board, as defined by title IV [[42 U.S.C. 2000c](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000c&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], under all circumstances and conditions and at all times in every State, district, territory, Commonwealth, or possession of the United States regardless of whether the residence of such public school pupils or the principal offices of such public school system, public school or public school board is situated in the northern, eastern, western, or southern part of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this subchapter—
**(a)** “Secretary” means the Secretary of Education.
**(b)** “Desegregation” means the assignment of students to public schools and within such schools without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin, but “desegregation” shall not mean the assignment of students to public schools in order to overcome racial imbalance.
**(c)** “Public school” means any elementary or secondary educational institution, and “public college” means any institution of higher education or any technical or vocational school above the secondary school level, provided that such public school or public college is operated by a State, subdivision of a State, or governmental agency within a State, or operated wholly or predominantly from or through the use of governmental funds or property, or funds or property derived from a governmental source.
**(d)** “School board” means any agency or agencies which administer a system of one or more public schools and any other agency which is responsible for the assignment of students to or within such system.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2000c
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Equal access** All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin.
**(b) Establishments affecting interstate commerce or supported in their activities by State action as places of public accommodation; lodgings; facilities principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises; gasoline stations; places of exhibition or entertainment; other covered establishments** Each of the following establishments which serves the public is a place of public accommodation within the meaning of this subchapter if its operations affect commerce, or if discrimination or segregation by it is supported by State action:
(1) any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment which provides lodging to transient guests, other than an establishment located within a building which contains not more than five rooms for rent or hire and which is actually occupied by the proprietor of such establishment as his residence;
(2) any restaurant, cafeteria, lunchroom, lunch counter, soda fountain, or other facility principally engaged in selling food for consumption on the premises, including, but not limited to, any such facility located on the premises of any retail establishment; or any gasoline station;
(3) any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, sports arena, stadium or other place of exhibition or entertainment; and
(4) any establishment (A)(i) which is physically located within the premises of any establishment otherwise covered by this subsection, or (ii) within the premises of which is physically located any such cove
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2000a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1025
TITLE 20—EDUCATION
§ 1681
§ 1653. Omitted
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
Section, Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 803, June 23, 1972,
86 Stat. 372, provided that the effectiveness of orders of
district courts requiring transfer or transportation of
students for purposes of achieving a balance among stu-
dents with respect to race, sex, religion, or socio-
economic status, be postponed until all appeals in con-
nection with such orders have been exhausted or until
expiration of the time for such appeals, expired at mid-
night on Jan. 1, 1974.
§ 1654. Intervention authorization in implemen-
tation of court orders
A parent or guardian of a child, or parents or
guardians of children similarly situated, trans-
ported to a public school in accordance with a
court order, may seek to reopen or intervene in
the further implementation of such court order,
currently in effect, if the time or distance of
travel is so great as to risk the health of the
student or significantly impinge on his or her
educational process.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 804, June 23, 1972, 86
Stat. 372.)
§ 1655. Uniform rules of evidence of racial dis-
crimination
The rules of evidence required to prove that
State or local authorities are practicing racial
discrimination in assigning students to public
schools shall be uniform throughout the United
States.
(Pub. L. 92–318, title VIII, § 805, June 23, 1972, 86
Stat. 372.)
§ 1656. Prohibition against official or court or-
ders to achieve racial balance or insure com-
pliance with constitutional standards appli-
cable to entire United States
The proviso of section 407(a) of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 [42 U.S.C. 2000c–6(a)] providing
in substance that no court or official of the
United States shall be empowered to issue
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 20 U.S.C. § 1656
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5252
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2000b–3
§ 2000b–3. ‘‘Complaint’’ defined
A complaint as used in this subchapter is a
writing or document within the meaning of sec-
tion 1001, title 18.
(Pub. L. 88–352, title III, § 304, July 2, 1964, 78
Stat. 246.)
SUBCHAPTER IV—PUBLIC EDUCATION
§ 2000c. Definitions
As used in this subchapter—
(a) ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of Edu-
cation.
(b) ‘‘Desegregation’’ means the assignment
of students to public schools and within such
schools without regard to their race, color, re-
ligion, sex or national origin, but ‘‘desegrega-
tion’’ shall not mean the assignment of stu-
dents to public schools in order to overcome
racial imbalance.
(c) ‘‘Public school’’ means any elementary
or secondary educational institution, and
‘‘public college’’ means any institution of
higher education or any technical or voca-
tional school above the secondary school level,
provided that such public school or public col-
lege is operated by a State, subdivision of a
State, or governmental agency within a State,
or operated wholly or predominantly from or
through the use of governmental funds or
property, or funds or property derived from a
governmental source.
(d) ‘‘School board’’ means any agency or
agencies which administer a system of one or
more public schools and any other agency
which is responsible for the assignment of stu-
dents to or within such system.
(Pub. L. 88–352, title IV, § 401, July 2, 1964, 78
Stat. 246; Pub. L. 92–318, title IX, § 906(a), June
23, 1972, 86 Stat. 375; Pub. L. 96–88, title III,
§ 301(a)(1), title V, § 507, Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 677,
692.)
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
1972—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–318 inserted ‘‘sex’’ after
‘‘religion,’’.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiar
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2000c
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