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22 U.S.C. § 2461 — Exchanges between United States and

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22 U.S.C. § 2461 — Exchanges between United States and

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Page 982 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2461 (b) Promote greater understanding of and cooperation on, among concerned United States Government de- partments and agencies, common issues and challenges faced in conducting international exchanges and train- ing programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international ex- change and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors; (c) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-ef- fective use of Federal resources, identify administra- tive and programmatic duplication and overlap of ac- tivities by the various United States Government agen- cies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and report thereon; (d) No later than 1 year from the date of this order, develop initially and thereafter assess annually a co- ordinated strategy for all United States Government- sponsored international exchange and training pro- grams, and issue a report on such strategy; (e) No later than 2 years from the date of this order, develop recommendations on performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and issue a report thereon; and (f) Develop strategies for expanding public and pri- vate partnerships in, and leveraging private sector sup- port for, United States Government-sponsored inter- national exchange and training activities. SEC. 5. All reports prepared by the Working Group pursuant to section 4 shall be made to the President, through the Director of the United States Information Agency. SEC. 6. The Working Group shall meet on at least a quarterly basis. SEC. 7. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with such member’s serv- ice on the Working Group shall be borne by the mem- ber’s respective department or agency. SEC. 8. If any member of the Working Group disagrees with respect to any matter in any report prepared pur- suant to section 4, such member may prepare a state- ment setting forth the reasons for such disagreement and such statement shall be appended to, and consid- ered a part of, the report. SEC. 9. Nothing in this Executive order is intended to alter the authorities and responsibilities of the head of any department or agency. WILLIAM J. CLINTON. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and Inter- national Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.] § 2461. Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union (a) Financing of exchanges with repayments on Lend-Lease debts The President is authorized to negotiate and implement agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union under which repayments made by the independent states on Lend-Lease debts to the United States would be used to finance the exchange of persons between the United States and the independent states for educational, cultural, and artistic purposes. Ex- changes authorized pursuant to this section shall be administered subject to the provisions of this chapter. Part of the funds repaid to the United States shall be in convertible currency for the purpose of paying the expenses associ- ated with study and other exchange activities in the United States by citizens of the independent states. (b) Limitation on availability of funds Funds made available for the purposes of this section shall be available only to the extent and in the amounts provided for in an appropriation Act. (Pub. L. 87–256, § 113, as added Pub. L. 101–246, title II, § 224, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 56; amended Pub. L. 103–199, title III, § 301(2), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2322.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classifica- tion of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. AMENDMENTS 1993—Pub. L. 103–199, § 301(2)(A), substituted ‘‘Ex- changes between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union’’ for ‘‘United States-Soviet exchanges’’ in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–199, § 301(2)(B)–(E), substituted ‘‘agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union’’ for ‘‘an agreement with the Union of So- viet Socialist Republics’’, ‘‘made by the independent states’’ for ‘‘made by the Soviet Union’’, ‘‘and the inde- pendent states’’ for ‘‘and the Soviet Union’’, and ‘‘in the United States by citizens of the independent states’’ for ‘‘by Soviet citizens in the United States’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries DEFINITIONS In subsec. (a), independent states of the former Soviet Union and independent states have the meanings given in section 5801 of this title, see section 3 of Pub. L. 103–199, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title. § 2462. Establishment of grant program for for- eign study by American college students of limited financial means (a) Establishment Subject to the availability of appropriations and under the authorities of the Mutual Edu- cational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.], the Secretary of State shall establish and carry out a program in each fiscal year to award grants of up to $5,000, to individ- uals who meet the requirements of subsection (b), toward the cost of up to one academic year of undergraduate study abroad. Grants under this Act shall be known as the ‘‘Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarships’’. (b) Eligibility An individual referred to in subsection (a) is an individual who— (1) is a student in good standing at an insti- tution of higher education in the United States (as defined in section 101(a) of the High- er Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1001(a)]); (2) has been accepted for up to one academic year of study on a program of study abroad ap- proved for credit by the student’s home insti- tution; (3) is receiving any need-based student as- sistance under title IV of the Higher Edu- cation Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.]; and

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1001 — General definition of institution of higher education

**(a) Institution of higher education** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” means an educational institution in any State that— (1) admits as regular students only persons having a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, or the recognized equivalent of such a certificate, or persons who meet the requirements of [section 1091(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1091/d&num=0&edition=prelim); (2) is legally authorized within such State to provide a program of education beyond secondary education; (3) provides an educational program for which the institution awards a bachelor’s degree or provides not less than a 2-year program that is acceptable for full credit toward such a degree, or awards a degree that is acceptable for admission to a graduate or professional degree program, subject to review and approval by the Secretary; (4) is a public or other nonprofit institution; and (5) is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, or if not so accredited, is an institution that has been granted preaccreditation status by such an agency or association that has been recognized by the Secretary for the granting of preaccreditation status, and the Secretary has determined that there is satisfactory assurance that the institution will meet the accreditation standards of such an agency or association within a reasonable time. **(b) Additional institutions included** For purposes of this chapter, other than subchapter IV, the term “institution of higher education” also includes— (1) any school that provides not less than a 1-year program of training to prepare students for gainful employment in a re

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1001 — General definition of institution of higher

Page 185 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1001 PART A—DEFINITIONS § 1001. General definition of institution of higher education (a) Institution of higher education For purposes of this chapter, other than sub- chapter IV, the term ‘‘institution of higher edu- cation’’ means an educational institution in any State that— (1) admits as regular students only persons having a certificate of graduation from a school providing secondary education, or the recognized equivalent of such a certificate, or persons who meet the requirements of section 1091(d) of this title; (2) is legally authorized within such State to provide a program of education beyond sec- ondary education; (3) provides an educational program for which the institution awards a bachelor’s de- gree or provides not less than a 2-year pro- gram that is acceptable for full credit toward such a degree, or awards a degree that is ac- ceptable for admission to a graduate or profes- sional degree program, subject to review and approval by the Secretary; (4) is a public or other nonprofit institution; and (5) is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association, or if not so accredited, is an institution that has been granted preaccreditation status by such an agency or association that has been recognized by the Secretary for the granting of preaccreditation status, and the Secretary has determined that there is satisfactory assur- ance that the institution will meet the accred- itation standards of such an agency or associa- tion within a reasonable time. (b) Additional institutions included For purposes of this chapter, other than sub- chapter IV, the term ‘‘institution of higher edu- cation’’ also includes— (1) any school that provides not less than a 1-year program of tr

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1070 — Repealed. Pub. L. 117–103, div. R, § 103(c)(2), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 821

### Statutory Notes Section, Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 420R, as added Pub. L. 111–39, title IV, § 401(a)(9), July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1939, related to grants for veteran’s dependents, known as Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grants. #### Effective Date of Repeal Repeal effective as if included in title VII of div. FF of Pub. L. 116–260 and subject to the effective date of section 701(b) of title VII (July 1, 2024), see section 103(d) of div. R of Pub. L. 117–103, set out as an Effective Date of 2022 Amendment note under [section 1070a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title20-section1070a&num=0&edition=prelim).

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

20 U.S.C. § 1070 — Statement of purpose; program authoriza-

Page 326 TITLE 20—EDUCATION § 1070 Pub. L. 105–244, title III, § 301(a)(2), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1636, and transferred to this section. AMENDMENTS 2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–315 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) related to authorizations for parts A to E for fiscal year 1999 and each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years. 1998—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(1)(A), substituted ‘‘1999’’ for ‘‘1993’’. Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(1)(B), redes- ignated cl. (i) as entire subpar., substituted ‘‘$10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999’’ for ‘‘$45,000,000 for fiscal year 1993’’, and struck out cl. (ii) which read as follows: ‘‘No funds are authorized to be appropriated pursuant to clause (i) for any fiscal year unless the amount appropriated pur- suant to paragraph (1)(A) for such fiscal year equals or exceeds $80,000,000.’’ Subsec. (a)(1)(C). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(1)(C), added subpar. (C). Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(2)(A), sub- stituted ‘‘1999’’ for ‘‘1993’’. Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(2)(B), sub- stituted ‘‘$35,000,000 for fiscal year 1999’’ for ‘‘$20,000,000 for fiscal year 1993’’. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(3), substituted ‘‘$10,000,000 for fiscal year 1999’’ for ‘‘$50,000,000 for fiscal year 1993’’. Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(4), added pars. (4) and (5). Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–244, § 308(h)(5), struck out heading and text of subsec. (c). Text read as follows: ‘‘If the amount appropriated under subsection (a)(1) of this section for part A of this subchapter for any fiscal year beginning after September 30, 1986, equals or exceeds the amount appropriated for such part for fiscal year 1986, the Secretary shall, for suc

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 2451 — Congressional statement of purpose

The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 2451 — Congressional statement of purpose

Page 959 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2451 69 F.R. 41901, set out as a note under section 1738 of Title 7, Agriculture. § 2431k. Annual reports to Congress Not later than April 15 of each year, the Presi- dent shall prepare and transmit to the Congress an annual report concerning the operation of the Facility for the prior calendar year. Such re- port shall include— (1) a description of the activities undertaken by the Facility during the previous calendar year; (2) a description of any Agreement entered into under this subchapter; (3) a report on any Funds that have been es- tablished under this subchapter and on the op- erations of such Funds; and (4) a description of any grants that have been provided by administering bodies pursu- ant to Agreements under this subchapter. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 813, as added Pub. L. 105–214, § 1, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 893; amended Pub. L. 115–440, § 10, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5584.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS Prior sections 2432 to 2435 were repealed by Pub. L. 94–329, title IV, § 413(a), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 761. Section 2432, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 802, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 24, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 728, authorized ap- propriation of $504,000,000 for fiscal year 1974 to remain available until expended for relief and reconstruction of South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Section 2433, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 803, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 24, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 728, provided for as- sistance to South Vietnamese children. Section 2434, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 804, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 24, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 729, made provision for assistance to the Center for Plastic and Reconstruc- tive Surgery in Saigon. Section 2435, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 80

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

22 U.S.C. § 2461 — Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union

**(a) Financing of exchanges with repayments on Lend-Lease debts** The President is authorized to negotiate and implement agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union under which repayments made by the independent states on Lend-Lease debts to the United States would be used to finance the exchange of persons between the United States and the independent states for educational, cultural, and artistic purposes. Exchanges authorized pursuant to this section shall be administered subject to the provisions of this chapter. Part of the funds repaid to the United States shall be in convertible currency for the purpose of paying the expenses associated with study and other exchange activities in the United States by citizens of the independent states. **(b) Limitation on availability of funds** Funds made available for the purposes of this section shall be available only to the extent and in the amounts provided for in an appropriation Act.

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