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42 U.S.C. § 2073 — Domestic distribution of special nuclear material
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Licenses** The Commission is authorized (i) to issue licenses to transfer or receive in interstate commerce, transfer, deliver, acquire, possess, own, receive possession of or title to, import, or export under the terms of an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to [section 2153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153&num=0&edition=prelim), special nuclear material, (ii) to make special nuclear material available for the period of the license, and, (iii) to distribute special nuclear material within the United States to qualified applicants requesting such material—
(1) for the conduct of research and development activities of the types specified in [section 2051 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2051&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) for use in the conduct of research and development activities or in medical therapy under a license issued pursuant to [section 2134 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2134&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) for use under a license issued pursuant to [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim);
(4) for such other uses as the Commission determines to be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
**(b) Minimum criteria for licenses** The Commission shall establish, by rule, minimum criteria for the issuance of specific or general licenses for the distribution of special nuclear material depending upon the degree of importance to the common defense and security or to the health and safety of the public of—
(1) the physical characteristics of the special nuclear material to b
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_e4bc7b0a891e6c21d2f398f3
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-2073-domestic-distribution-of-special-nuclear-material--21cfcb727d.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 23, § 2073; chapter-023-development-and-control-of-atomic-energy.md
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**(a) Licenses** The Commission is authorized (i) to issue licenses to transfer or receive in interstate commerce, transfer, deliver, acquire, possess, own, receive possession of or title to, import, or export under the terms of an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to [section 2153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153&num=0&edition=prelim), special nuclear material, (ii) to make special nuclear material available for the period of the license, and, (iii) to distribute special nuclear material within the United States to qualified applicants requesting such material—
(1) for the conduct of research and development activities of the types specified in [section 2051 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2051&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) for use in the conduct of research and development activities or in medical therapy under a license issued pursuant to [section 2134 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2134&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) for use under a license issued pursuant to [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim);
(4) for such other uses as the Commission determines to be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this chapter.
**(b) Minimum criteria for licenses** The Commission shall establish, by rule, minimum criteria for the issuance of specific or general licenses for the distribution of special nuclear material depending upon the degree of importance to the common defense and security or to the health and safety of the public of—
(1) the physical characteristics of the special nuclear material to be distributed;
(2) the quantities of special nuclear material to be distributed; and
(3) the intended use of the special nuclear material to be distributed.
**(c) Manner of distribution; charges for material sold; agreements; charges for material leased**
(1) The Commission may distribute special nuclear material licensed under this section by sale, lease, lease with option to buy, or grant: Provided, however, That unless otherwise authorized by law, the Commission shall not after December 31, 1970, distribute special nuclear material except by sale to any person who possesses or operates a utilization facility under a license issued pursuant to section 2133 or 2134(b) of this title for use in the course of activities under such license; nor shall the Commission permit any such person after June 30, 1973, to continue leasing for use in the course of such activities special nuclear material previously leased to such person by the Commission.
(2) The Commission shall establish reasonable sales prices for the special nuclear material licensed and distributed by sale under this section. Such sales prices shall be established on a nondiscriminatory basis which, in the opinion of the Commission, will provide reasonable compensation to the Government for such special nuclear material.
(3) The Commission is authorized to enter into agreements with licensees for such period of time as the Commission may deem necessary or desirable to distribute to such licensees such quantities of special nuclear material as may be necessary for the conduct of the licensed activity. In such agreements, the Commission may agree to repurchase any special nuclear material licensed and distributed by sale which is not consumed in the course of the licensed activity, or any uranium remaining after irradiation of such special nuclear material, at a repurchase price not to exceed the Commission’s sale price for comparable special nuclear material or uranium in effect at the time of delivery of such material to the Commission.
(4) The Commission may make a reasonable charge, determined pursuant to this section, for the use of special nuclear material licensed and distributed by lease under subsection (a)(1), (2) or (4) and shall make a reasonable charge determined pursuant to this section for the use of special nuclear material licensed and distributed by lease under subsection (a)(3). The Commission shall establish criteria in writing for the determination of whether special nuclear material will be distributed by grant and for the determination of whether a charge will be made for the use of special nuclear material licensed and distributed by lease under subsection (a)(1), (2) or (4), considering, among other things, whether the licensee is a nonprofit or eleemosynary institution and the purposes for which the special nuclear material will be used.
**(d) Determination of charges** In determining the reasonable charge to be made by the Commission for the use of special nuclear material distributed by lease to licensees of utilization or production facilities licensed pursuant to section 2133 or 2134 of this title, in addition to consideration of the cost thereof, the Commission shall take into consideration—
(1) the use to be made of the special nuclear material;
(2) the extent to which the use of the special nuclear material will advance the development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy;
(3) the energy value of the special nuclear material in the particular use for which the license is issued;
(4) whether the special nuclear material is to be used in facilities licensed pursuant to section 2133 or 2134 of this title. In this respect, the Commission shall, insofar as practicable, make uniform, nondiscriminatory charges for the use of special nuclear material distributed to facilities licensed pursuant to [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(5) with respect to special nuclear material consumed in a facility licensed pursuant to [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim), the Commission shall make a further charge equivalent to the sale price for similar special nuclear material established by the Commission in accordance with subsection (c)(2), and the Commission may make such a charge with respect to such material consumed in a facility licensed pursuant to [section 2134 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2134&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(e) License conditions** Each license issued pursuant to this section shall contain and be subject to the following conditions—
(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 88–489, § 8, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 604.
(2) no right to the special nuclear material shall be conferred by the license except as defined by the license;
(3) neither the license nor any right under the license shall be assigned or otherwise transferred in violation of the provisions of this chapter;
(4) all special nuclear material shall be subject to the right of recapture or control reserved by [section 2138 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2138&num=0&edition=prelim) and to all other provisions of this chapter;
(5) no special nuclear material may be used in any utilization or production facility except in accordance with the provisions of this chapter;
(6) special nuclear material shall be distributed only on terms, as may be established by rule of the Commission, such that no user will be permitted to construct an atomic weapon;
(7) special nuclear material shall be distributed only pursuant to such safety standards as may be established by rule of the Commission to protect health and to minimize danger to life or property; and
(8) except to the extent that the indemnification and limitation of liability provisions of [section 2210 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2210&num=0&edition=prelim) apply, the licensee will hold the United States and the Commission harmless from any damages resulting from the use or possession of special nuclear material by the licensee.
**(f) Distribution for independent research and development activities** The Commission is directed to distribute within the United States sufficient special nuclear material to permit the conduct of widespread independent research and development activities to the maximum extent practicable. In the event that applications for special nuclear material exceed the amount available for distribution, preference shall be given to those activities which are most likely, in the opinion of the Commission, to contribute to basic research, to the development of peacetime uses of atomic energy, or to the economic and military strength of the Nation.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Requirement of financial protection for licensees** Each license issued under section 2133 or 2134 of this title and each construction permit issued under [section 2235 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2235&num=0&edition=prelim) shall, and each license issued under section 2073, 2093, or 2111 of this title may, for the public purposes cited in [section 2012(i) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2012/i&num=0&edition=prelim), have as a condition of the license a requirement that the licensee have and maintain financial protection of such type and in such amounts as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (in this section referred to as the “Commission”) in the exercise of its licensing and regulatory authority and responsibility shall require in accordance with subsection (b) to cover public liability claims. Whenever such financial protection is required, it may be a further condition of the license that the licensee execute and maintain an indemnification agreement in accordance with subsection (c). The Commission may require, as a further condition of issuing a license, that an applicant waive any immunity from public liability conferred by Federal or State law.
**(b) Amount and type of financial protection for licensees**
(1) The amount of primary financial protection required shall be the amount of liability insurance available from private sources, except that the Commission may establish a lesser amount on the basis of criteria set forth in writing, which it may revise from time to time, taking into consideration such factors as the following: (A) the cost and terms of private insurance, (B) the type, size, and location of the licensed activity and ot
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2210
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Contracts and loans for research activities** The Commission is directed to exercise its powers in such manner as to insure the continued conduct of research and development and training activities in the fields specified below, by private or public institutions or persons, and to assist in the acquisition of an ever-expanding fund of theoretical and practical knowledge in such fields. To this end the Commission is authorized and directed to make arrangements (including contracts, agreements, and loans) for the conduct of research and development activities relating to—
(1) nuclear processes;
(2) the theory and production of atomic energy, including processes, materials, and devices related to such production;
(3) utilization of special nuclear material and radioactive material for medical, biological, agricultural, health, or military purposes;
(4) utilization of special nuclear material, atomic energy, and radioactive material and processes entailed in the utilization or production of atomic energy or such material for all other purposes, including industrial or commercial uses, the generation of usable energy, and the demonstration of advances in the commercial or industrial application of atomic energy;
(5) the protection of health and the promotion of safety during research and production activities; and
(6) the preservation and enhancement of a viable environment by developing more efficient methods to meet the Nation’s energy needs.
**(b) Grants and contributions** The Commission is authorized—
(1) to make grants and contributions to the cost of construction and operation of reactors and other facilities and other equipment to colleges, universities, hospitals, and eleemosynary or charitable institutions for the conduct of educational and training a
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2051
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Conditions** The Commission is authorized to issue licenses to persons applying therefor to transfer or receive in interstate commerce, manufacture, produce, transfer, acquire, possess, use, import, or export under the terms of an agreement for cooperation arranged pursuant to [section 2153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2153&num=0&edition=prelim), utilization or production facilities for industrial or commercial purposes. Such licenses shall be issued in accordance with the provisions of subchapter XV and subject to such conditions as the Commission may by rule or regulation establish to effectuate the purposes and provisions of this chapter.
**(b) Nonexclusive basis** The Commission shall issue such licenses on a nonexclusive basis to persons applying therefor (1) whose proposed activities will serve a useful purpose proportionate to the quantities of special nuclear material or source material to be utilized; (2) who are equipped to observe and who agree to observe such safety standards to protect health and to minimize danger to life or property as the Commission may by rule establish; and (3) who agree to make available to the Commission such technical information and data concerning activities under such licenses as the Commission may determine necessary to promote the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public. All such information may be used by the Commission only for the purposes of the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public.
**(c) License period** Each such license shall be issued for a specified period, as determined by the Commission, depending on the type of activity to be licensed, but not exceeding forty years fr
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2133
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Ownership** The Commission, as agent of and on behalf of the United States, shall be the exclusive owner of all production facilities other than facilities which (1) are useful in the conduct of research and development activities in the fields specified in [section 2051 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2051&num=0&edition=prelim), and do not, in the opinion of the Commission, have a potential production rate adequate to enable the user of such facilities to produce within a reasonable period of time a sufficient quantity of special nuclear material to produce an atomic weapon; (2) are licensed by the Commission under this division; or (3) are owned by the United States Enrichment Corporation.
**(b) Operation of Commission’s facilities** The Commission is authorized and directed to produce or to provide for the production of special nuclear material in its own production facilities. To the extent deemed necessary, the Commission is authorized to make, or to continue in effect, contracts with persons obligating them to produce special nuclear material in facilities owned by the Commission. The Commission is also authorized to enter into research and development contracts authorizing the contractor to produce special nuclear material in facilities owned by the Commission to the extent that the production of such special nuclear material may be incident to the conduct of research and development activities under such contracts. Any contract entered into under this section shall contain provisions (1) prohibiting the contractor from subcontracting any part of the work he is obligated to perform under the contract, except as authorized by the Commission; and (2) obligating the contractor (A) to make such reports
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2061
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Commission shall establish guaranteed purchase prices for plutonium produced in a nuclear reactor by a person licensed under [section 2134 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2134&num=0&edition=prelim) and delivered to the Commission before January 1, 1971. The Commission shall also establish for such periods of time as it may deem necessary, but not to exceed ten years as to any such period, guaranteed purchase prices for uranium enriched in the isotope 233 produced in a nuclear reactor by a person licensed under section 2133 or section 2134 and delivered to the Commission within the period of the guarantee. Guaranteed purchase prices established under the authority of this section shall not exceed the Commission’s determination of the estimated value of plutonium or uranium enriched in the isotope 233 as fuel in nuclear reactors, and such prices shall be established on a nondiscriminatory basis: Provided, That the Commission is authorized to establish such guaranteed purchase prices only for such plutonium or uranium enriched in the isotope 233 as the Commission shall determine is produced through the use of special nuclear material which was leased or sold by the Commission pursuant to [section 2073 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2073&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2076
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
No cooperation with any nation, group of nations or regional defense organization pursuant to sections 2073, 2074(a), 2077, 2094, 2112, 2121, 2133, 2134, or 2164 of this title shall be undertaken until—
**(a) Terms, conditions, duration, nature, scope, and other requirements of proposed agreements for cooperation; Presidential exemptions; negotiations; Nuclear Proliferation Assessment Statement** the proposed agreement for cooperation has been submitted to the President, which proposed agreement shall include the terms, conditions, duration, nature, and scope of the cooperation; and shall include the following requirements:
(1) a guaranty by the cooperating party that safeguards as set forth in the agreement for cooperation will be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials and equipment transferred pursuant thereto, and with respect to all special nuclear material used in or produced through the use of such nuclear materials and equipment, so long as the material or equipment remains under the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating party, irrespective of the duration of other provisions in the agreement or whether the agreement is terminated or suspended for any reason;
(2) in the case of non-nuclear-weapon states, a requirement, as a condition of continued United States nuclear supply under the agreement for cooperation, that IAEA safeguards be maintained with respect to all nuclear materials in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of such state, under its jurisdiction, or carried out under its control anywhere;
(3) except in the case of those agreements for cooperation arranged pursuant to [section 2121(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2121/c&num=0&edition=prelim), a guaranty b
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2153
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that—
**(a)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and
**(b)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2011
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whenever the Congress declares that a state of war or national emergency exists, the Commission is authorized to suspend any licenses granted under this chapter if in its judgment such action is necessary to the common defense and security. The Commission is authorized during such period, if the Commission finds it necessary to the common defense and security, to order the recapture of any special nuclear material or to order the operation of any facility licensed under section 2133 or 2134 of this title, and is authorized to order the entry into any plant or facility in order to recapture such material, or to operate such facility. Just compensation shall be paid for any damages caused by the recapture of any special nuclear material or by the operation of any such facility.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2138
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Medical therapy** The Commission is authorized to issue licenses to persons applying therefor for utilization facilities for use in medical therapy. In issuing such licenses the Commission is directed to permit the widest amount of effective medical therapy possible with the amount of special nuclear material available for such purposes and to impose the minimum amount of regulation consistent with its obligations under this chapter to promote the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public.
**(b) Industrial and commercial purposes** As provided for in subsection (b) or (c) of [section 2132 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2132&num=0&edition=prelim), or where specifically authorized by law, the Commission is authorized to issue licenses under this subsection to persons applying therefor for utilization and production facilities for industrial and commercial purposes. In issuing licenses under this subsection, the Commission shall impose the minimum amount of such regulations and terms of license as will permit the Commission to fulfill its obligations under this chapter.
**(c) Research and development activities**
(1) **In general** — Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the Commission is authorized to issue licenses to persons applying therefor for utilization and production facilities useful in the conduct of research and development activities of the types specified in [section 2051 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2051&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Regulation** — The Commission is directed to impose only such minimum amount of regulation of the licensee as the Commission finds will permit the Commission to fulf
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2134
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Purpose** It is the purpose of this section—
(1) to recognize the interests of the States in the peaceful uses of atomic energy, and to clarify the respective responsibilities under this chapter of the States and the Commission with respect to the regulation of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials;
(2) to recognize the need, and establish programs for, cooperation between the States and the Commission with respect to control of radiation hazards associated with use of such materials;
(3) to promote an orderly regulatory pattern between the Commission and State governments with respect to nuclear development and use and regulation of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials;
(4) to establish procedures and criteria for discontinuance of certain of the Commission’s regulatory responsibilities with respect to byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials, and the assumption thereof by the States;
(5) to provide for coordination of the development of radiation standards for the guidance of Federal agencies and cooperation with the States; and
(6) to recognize that, as the States improve their capabilities to regulate effectively such materials, additional legislation may be desirable.
**(b) Agreements with States** Except as provided in subsection (c), the Commission is authorized to enter into agreements with the Governor of any State providing for discontinuance of the regulatory authority of the Commission under subchapters V, VI, and VII of this division, and [section 2201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2201&num=0&edition=prelim), with respect to any one or more of the following materials within the State:
(1) Byproduct materials (as defined in [section 2014(e) of this title
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2021
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