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42 U.S.C. § 2011 — Congressional declaration of policy
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that—
**(a)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and
**(b)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2011
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_ad5b92c75ec7c833405d3096
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-2011-congressional-declaration-of-policy--8ffcdaf89c.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 23, § 2011; chapter-023-development-and-control-of-atomic-energy.md
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Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that—
**(a)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and
**(b)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Requirement of financial protection for licensees** Each license issued under section 2133 or 2134 of this title and each construction permit issued under [section 2235 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2235&num=0&edition=prelim) shall, and each license issued under section 2073, 2093, or 2111 of this title may, for the public purposes cited in [section 2012(i) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2012/i&num=0&edition=prelim), have as a condition of the license a requirement that the licensee have and maintain financial protection of such type and in such amounts as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (in this section referred to as the “Commission”) in the exercise of its licensing and regulatory authority and responsibility shall require in accordance with subsection (b) to cover public liability claims. Whenever such financial protection is required, it may be a further condition of the license that the licensee execute and maintain an indemnification agreement in accordance with subsection (c). The Commission may require, as a further condition of issuing a license, that an applicant waive any immunity from public liability conferred by Federal or State law.
**(b) Amount and type of financial protection for licensees**
(1) The amount of primary financial protection required shall be the amount of liability insurance available from private sources, except that the Commission may establish a lesser amount on the basis of criteria set forth in writing, which it may revise from time to time, taking into consideration such factors as the following: (A) the cost and terms of private insurance, (B) the type, size, and location of the licensed activity and ot
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2210
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 52, as added Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 929, related to Government ownership of all special nuclear material and provided for compensation of private owners of such material.
#### Extinguishment of Rights, Title and Interest in Special Nuclear Material
Pub. L. 88–489, § 4, Aug. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 603, provided in part that: “All rights, title, and interest in and to any special nuclear material vested in the United States solely by virtue of the provisions of the first sentence of such section 52 [this section], and not by any other transaction authorized by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [this chapter], or other applicable law, are hereby extinguished.”
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2072
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Medical isotope development projects**
(1) **In general** — The Secretary shall carry out a technology-neutral program—
(A) to evaluate and support projects for the production in the United States, without the use of highly enriched uranium, of significant quantities of molybdenum-99 for medical uses;
(B) to be carried out in cooperation with non-Federal entities; and
(C) the costs of which shall be shared in accordance with [section 16352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section16352&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2) **Criteria** — Projects shall be evaluated against the following primary criteria:
(A) The length of time necessary for the proposed project to begin production of molybdenum-99 for medical uses within the United States.
(B) The capability of the proposed project to produce a significant percentage of United States demand for molybdenum-99 for medical uses.
(C) The capability of the proposed project to produce molybdenum-99 in a cost-effective manner.
(D) The cost of the proposed project.
(3) **Exemption** — An existing reactor in the United States fueled with highly enriched uranium shall not be disqualified from the program if the Secretary determines that—
(A) there is no alternative nuclear reactor fuel, enriched in the isotope U–235 to less than 20 percent, that can be used in that reactor;
(B) the reactor operator has provided assurances that, whenever an alternative nuclear reactor fuel, enriched in the isotope U–235 to less than 20 percent, can be used in that reactor, it will use that alternative in lieu of highly enriched uranium; and
(C) the reactor operator has provided a current report on the status of its efforts to convert the reactor to an alternative nuclear
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2065
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** On or after the date that is 180 days after December 20, 2019, the Secretary may establish a program, to be known as the “Department of Energy National Lab Jobs ACCESS Program”, under which the Secretary may award, on a competitive basis, 5-year grants to eligible entities described in subsection (c) for the Federal share of the costs of pre-apprenticeship programs and apprenticeship programs described in subsection (b).
**(b) Pre-apprenticeship and apprenticeship programs described** A pre-apprenticeship program or apprenticeship program described in this subsection is a pre-apprenticeship program or apprenticeship program that—
(1) leads to recognized postsecondary credentials for secondary school and postsecondary students;
(2) is focused on skills and qualifications needed, as determined by the Secretary in consultation with the directors of the National Laboratories, to meet the immediate and ongoing needs of traditional and emerging technician positions (including machinists and cybersecurity technicians) at the National Laboratories and covered facilities of the National Nuclear Security Administration;
(3) is established in consultation with a National Laboratory or covered facility of the National Nuclear Security Administration;
(4) is registered with and approved by the Secretary of Labor or a State apprenticeship agency; and
(5) ensures that participants in the pre-apprenticeship program or apprenticeship program do not displace paid employees.
**(c) Eligible entities described** An eligible entity described in this subsection is a workforce intermediary or an eligible sponsor of a pre-apprenticeship program or apprenticeship program that—
(1) demonstrates experience in implementing and providing career planning and career pathways
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 15801
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Except as provided in subsection (b), the Commission may issue a license for the export of highly enriched uranium to be used as a fuel or target in a nuclear research or test reactor only if, in addition to any other requirement of this chapter, the Commission determines that—
(1) there is no alternative nuclear reactor fuel or target enriched in the isotope 235 to a lesser percent than the proposed export, that can be used in that reactor;
(2) the proposed recipient of that uranium has provided assurances that, whenever an alternative nuclear reactor fuel or target can be used in that reactor, it will use that alternative in lieu of highly enriched uranium; and
(3) the United States Government is actively developing an alternative nuclear reactor fuel or target that can be used in that reactor.
**(b) Medical isotope production**
(1) **Definitions** — In this subsection:
(A) *Highly enriched uranium* — The term “highly enriched uranium” means uranium enriched to include concentration of U–235 above 20 percent.
(B) *Medical isotope* — The term “medical isotope” includes Molybdenum 99, Iodine 131, Xenon 133, and other radioactive materials used to produce a radiopharmaceutical for diagnostic, therapeutic procedures or for research and development.
(C) *Radiopharmaceutical* — The term “radiopharmaceutical” means a radioactive isotope that—
(i) contains byproduct material combined with chemical or biological material; and
(ii) is designed to accumulate temporarily in a part of the body for therapeutic purposes or for enabling the production of a useful image for use in a diagnosis of a medical condition.
(D) *Recipient country* — The term “recipient country” means Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.
(2) **Li
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2160d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this chapter—
(1) “Government corporation” means a mixed-ownership Government corporation and a wholly owned Government corporation.
(2) “mixed-ownership Government corporation” means—
(A) the Central Bank for Cooperatives.
(B) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
(C) the Federal Home Loan Banks.
(D) the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks.
(E) the Federal Land Banks.
(F) the National Credit Union Administration Central Liquidity Facility.
(G) the Regional Banks for Cooperatives.
(H) the Financing Corporation.
(I) the Resolution Trust Corporation.
(J) the Resolution Funding Corporation.
(3) “wholly owned Government corporation” means—
(A) the Commodity Credit Corporation.
(B) the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund.
(C) the Export-Import Bank of the United States.
(D) the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation.
(E) Federal Prison Industries, Incorporated.
(F) the Corporation for National and Community Service.
(G) the Government National Mortgage Association.
(H) the United States International Development Finance Corporation.
(I) the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation.
(J) the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation.
(K) the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation.
(L) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development when carrying out duties and powers related to the Federal Housing Administration Fund.
(M) the Tennessee Valley Authority.
(N) the Panama Canal Commission.
(O) the Millennium Challenge Corporation.
(P) the International Clean Energy Foundation.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 31 U.S.C. § 9101
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 101–508, title VI, § 6101, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–298; Pub. L. 102–486, title XXIX, § 2903(a), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3125; Pub. L. 103–66, title VII, § 7001, Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 105–245, title V, § 505, Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1856; Pub. L. 106–60, title VI, § 604, Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 501; Pub. L. 106–377, § 1(a)(2) [title VIII], Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1441, 1441A–86; Pub. L. 109–58, title VI, § 637(a), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 791; Pub. L. 109–103, title IV, Nov. 19, 2005, 119 Stat. 2283; Pub. L. 115–439, title I, § 101(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5567, related to NRC user fees and annual charges. See [section 2215 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2215&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Pub. L. 115–439, title I, § 101(b), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5568, provided that: “Effective October 1, 2020, section 6101 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ([42 U.S.C. 2214](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2214&num=0&edition=prelim)) is repealed.”
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2214
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Transmission to Congress of nuclear agreements with Iran and verification assessment with respect to such agreements**
(1) **Transmission of agreements** — Not later than 5 calendar days after reaching an agreement with Iran relating to the nuclear program of Iran, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership—
(A) the agreement, as defined in subsection (h)(1), including all related materials and annexes;
(B) a verification assessment report of the Secretary of State prepared under paragraph (2) with respect to the agreement; and
(C) a certification that—
(i) the agreement includes the appropriate terms, conditions, and duration of the agreement’s requirements with respect to Iran’s nuclear activities and provisions describing any sanctions to be waived, suspended, or otherwise reduced by the United States, and any other nation or entity, including the United Nations; and
(ii) the President determines the agreement meets United States non-proliferation objectives, does not jeopardize the common defense and security, provides an adequate framework to ensure that Iran’s nuclear activities permitted thereunder will not be inimical to or constitute an unreasonable risk to the common defense and security, and ensures that Iran’s nuclear activities permitted thereunder will not be used to further any nuclear-related military or nuclear explosive purpose, including for any research on or development of any nuclear explosive device or any other nuclear-related military purpose.
(2) **Verification assessment report**
(A) *In general* — The Secretary of State shall prepare, with respect to an agreement described in paragraph (1), a report assessing—
(i) the extent to which the Secretary will be able to
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2160e
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Persons subject to penalty** Any person who has entered into an agreement of indemnification under [section 2210(d) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2210/d&num=0&edition=prelim) (or any subcontractor or supplier thereto) who violates (or whose employee violates) any applicable rule, regulation or order related to nuclear safety prescribed or issued by the Secretary of Energy pursuant to this chapter (or expressly incorporated by reference by the Secretary for purposes of nuclear safety, except any rule, regulation, or order issued by the Secretary of Transportation), or who violates any applicable law, rule, regulation, or order related to nuclear safety whistleblower protections, shall be subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed $100,000 for each such violation. If any violation under this subsection is a continuing one, each day of such violation shall constitute a separate violation for the purpose of computing the applicable civil penalty. The Secretary of Energy may carry out this section with respect to the National Nuclear Security Administration by acting through the Administrator for Nuclear Security.
**(b) Determination of amount**
(1) The Secretary shall have the power to compromise, modify or remit, with or without conditions, such civil penalties and to prescribe regulations as he may deem necessary to implement this section.
(2) In determining the amount of any civil penalty under this subsection, the Secretary shall take into account the nature, circumstances, extent, and gravity of the violation or violations and, with respect to the violator, ability to pay, effect on ability to continue to do business, any history of prior such violations, the degree of culpability, and such other ma
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2282a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Annual budget justification**
(1) **In general** — In the annual budget justification submitted by the Commission to Congress, the Commission shall expressly identify anticipated expenditures necessary for completion of the requested activities of the Commission anticipated to occur during the applicable fiscal year.
(2) **Restriction** — Budget authority granted to the Commission for purposes of the requested activities of the Commission shall be used, to the maximum extent practicable, solely for conducting requested activities of the Commission.
(3) **Limitation on corporate support costs** — With respect to the annual budget justification submitted to Congress, corporate support costs, to the maximum extent practicable, shall not exceed the following percentages of the total budget authority of the Commission requested in the annual budget justification:
(A) 30 percent for each of fiscal years 2021 and 2022.
(B) 30 percent for fiscal year 2025 and each fiscal year thereafter.
(4) **International nuclear export and innovation activities** — The Commission shall identify in the annual budget justification international nuclear export and innovation activities described in [section 2155b(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2155b/a&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Fees and charges**
(1) **Annual assessment**
(A) *In general* — Each fiscal year, the Commission shall assess and collect fees and charges in accordance with paragraphs (2) and (3) in a manner that ensures that, to the maximum extent practicable, the amount assessed and collected is equal to an amount that approximates—
(i) the total budget authority of the Commission for that fiscal year; less
(ii) the budget authority of the
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2215
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