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15 U.S.C. § 17 — Antitrust laws not applicable to labor organizations
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof; nor shall such organizations, or the members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws.
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-15/section-17-antitrust-laws-not-applicable-to-labor-organizations--4dd9323e5b.md
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 1, § 17; chapter-001-monopolies-and-combinations-in-restraint-of-trade.md
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The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof; nor shall such organizations, or the members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** “Antitrust laws,” as used herein, includes the Act entitled “An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,” approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety; sections seventy-three to seventy-six, inclusive, of an Act entitled “An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,” of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four; an Act entitled “An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled ‘An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,’ ” approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen; and also this Act.“Commerce,” as used herein, means trade or commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State, Territory, or foreign nation, or between any insular possessions or other places under the jurisdiction of the United States, or between any such possession or place and any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation, or within the District of Columbia or any Territory or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this Act contained shall apply to the Philippine Islands. The word “person” or “persons” wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.
**(b)** This Act may be cited as the “Clayton Act”.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 12
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
**(b)** As used in this section—
(1) The term “robbery” means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
(2) The term “extortion” means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right.
(3) The term “commerce” means commerce within the District of Columbia, or any Territory or Possession of the United States; all commerce between any point in a State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof; all commerce between points within the same State through any place outside such State; and all other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction.
**(c)** This section shall not be construed to repeal, modify or affect [section 17 of Title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section17&num=0&edition=prelim), sections 52, 101–115, 151–166 of Title 29 or sections 151–188 of Title 45.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 1951
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Payment or lending, etc., of money by employer or agent to employees, representatives, or labor organizations** It shall be unlawful for any employer or association of employers or any person who acts as a labor relations expert, adviser, or consultant to an employer or who acts in the interest of an employer to pay, lend, or deliver, or agree to pay, lend, or deliver, any money or other thing of value—
(1) to any representative of any of his employees who are employed in an industry affecting commerce; or
(2) to any labor organization, or any officer or employee thereof, which represents, seeks to represent, or would admit to membership, any of the employees of such employer who are employed in an industry affecting commerce; or
(3) to any employee or group or committee of employees of such employer employed in an industry affecting commerce in excess of their normal compensation for the purpose of causing such employee or group or committee directly or indirectly to influence any other employees in the exercise of the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing; or
(4) to any officer or employee of a labor organization engaged in an industry affecting commerce with intent to influence him in respect to any of his actions, decisions, or duties as a representative of employees or as such officer or employee of such labor organization.
**(b) Request, demand, etc., for money or other thing of value**
(1) It shall be unlawful for any person to request, demand, receive, or accept, or agree to receive or accept, any payment, loan, or delivery of any money or other thing of value prohibited by subsection (a).
(2) It shall be unlawful for any labor organization, or for any person acting as an officer, agent, representat
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Priority communications** During the continuance of a war in which the United States is engaged, the President is authorized, if he finds it necessary for the national defense and security, to direct that such communications as in his judgment may be essential to the national defense and security shall have preference or priority with any carrier subject to this chapter. He may give these directions at and for such times as he may determine, and may modify, change, suspend, or annul them and for any such purpose he is authorized to issue orders directly, or through such person or persons as he designates for the purpose, or through the Commission. Any carrier complying with any such order or direction for preference or priority herein authorized shall be exempt from any and all provisions in existing law imposing civil or criminal penalties, obligations, or liabilities upon carriers by reason of giving preference or priority in compliance with such order or direction.
**(b) Obstruction of interstate or foreign communications** It shall be unlawful for any person during any war in which the United States is engaged to knowingly or willfully, by physical force or intimidation by threats of physical force, obstruct or retard or aid in obstructing or retarding interstate or foreign communication by radio or wire. The President is authorized, whenever in his judgment the public interest requires, to employ the armed forces of the United States to prevent any such obstruction or retardation of communication: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed to repeal, modify, or affect either [section 17 of title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section17&num=0&edition=prelim) or [section 52 of title 29](https://uscode.ho
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 47 U.S.C. § 606
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 28
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 17
1 See References in Text note below.
[amending this section] shall apply only with respect to
actions commenced after the date of the enactment of
this Act [Sept. 12, 1980].’’
SUSPENSION OF LIMITATION
Act Oct. 10, 1942, ch. 589, 56 Stat. 781, as amended June
30, 1945, ch. 213, 59 Stat. 306, provided for the suspension
of any existing statutes of limitations relating to vio-
lations of antitrust laws now indictable or subject to
civil proceedings under any existing statutes, until
June 30, 1946.
FINDINGS AND PURPOSES OF 2004 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 108–237, title II, § 221(a), June 22, 2004, 118 Stat.
668, provided that:
‘‘(1) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that—
‘‘(A) the purpose of the Tunney Act [probably
means section 2 of Pub. L. 93–528 which amended this
section] was to ensure that the entry of antitrust
consent judgments is in the public interest; and
‘‘(B) it would misconstrue the meaning and Con-
gressional intent in enacting the Tunney Act to limit
the discretion of district courts to review antitrust
consent judgments solely to determining whether
entry of those consent judgments would make a
‘mockery of the judicial function’.
‘‘(2) PURPOSES.—The purpose of this section [amend-
ing this section] is to effectuate the original Congres-
sional intent in enacting the Tunney Act and to ensure
that United States settlements of civil antitrust suits
are in the public interest.’’
§ 17. Antitrust laws not applicable to labor orga-
nizations
The labor of a human being is not a com-
modity or article of commerce. Nothing con-
tained in the antitrust laws shall be construed
to forbid the existence and operation of labor,
agricultural, or horticultural organizations, in-
stituted for the purposes of mutual help, and n
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 17
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