Browse Arkansas Code titles and sections
18 U.S.C. § 1951 — Interference with commerce by threats or violence
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
**(b)** As used in this section—
(1) The term “robbery” means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
(2) The term “extortion” means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right.
(3) The term “commerce” means commerce within the District of Columbia, or any Territory or Possession of the United States; all commerce between any point in a State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof; all commerce between points within the same State through any place outside such State; and all other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction.
**(c)** This section shall not be construed to repeal, modify or affect [section 17 of Title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section17&num=0&edition=prelim), sections 52, 101–115, 151–166 of Title 29 or sections 151–188 of Title 45.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 1951
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. A text match is a research starting point; applicability is not established.
Original supplied file — preserved unchanged
Download original Markdown file
File SHA-256: 781e9888513e0e4566a67c6d59f8816711d43b92e93e7dfa88c6c4e87f97f689. The original may include catalog metadata, neighboring provisions, or embedded records outside this collection's scope. Search shows only the selected federal record. Historical editions and unverified snapshots are not a statement of current law.
Authority boundary: historical or unconfirmed source not current law verified.
Open the recorded source website ↗
Record provenance
Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_416d7fc80e69d85b8a3c26f5
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-18/section-1951-interference-with-commerce-by-threats-or-violence--948d2ebb15.md
Pages: Not recorded – Not recorded
Passage SHA-256: e75cfa6bf3d87c3f058cdb0754bb262dd4ea7cf31e7b8ad1993f29bd3188b0a0
Source location: Title 18, Chapter 95, § 1951; chapter-095-racketeering.md
Stored source content
**(a)** Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.
**(b)** As used in this section—
(1) The term “robbery” means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his will, by means of actual or threatened force, or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future, to his person or property, or property in his custody or possession, or the person or property of a relative or member of his family or of anyone in his company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
(2) The term “extortion” means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right.
(3) The term “commerce” means commerce within the District of Columbia, or any Territory or Possession of the United States; all commerce between any point in a State, Territory, Possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof; all commerce between points within the same State through any place outside such State; and all other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction.
**(c)** This section shall not be construed to repeal, modify or affect [section 17 of Title 15](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section17&num=0&edition=prelim), sections 52, 101–115, 151–166 of Title 29 or sections 151–188 of Title 45.
Cross-references
Connections may be documented source relationships, shared citations or nearby passages. Each explains its basis; a connection alone does not establish applicability to your situation.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, acts June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 684; Oct. 30, 1984, Pub. L. 98–596, § 8, 98 Stat. 3138, classified offenses as a felony, misdemeanor, or petty offense.
#### Effective Date of Repeal
Repeal of section effective Nov. 1, 1987, and applicable only to offenses committed after the taking effect of such repeal, see section 235(a)(1) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under [section 3551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3551&num=0&edition=prelim).
#### Short Title of 2026 Amendment
Pub. L. 119–73, § 1, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2003, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 28 and 3771A of this title, amending [section 7102 of Title 22](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7102&num=0&edition=prelim), Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting provisions set out as notes under [section 28 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section28&num=0&edition=prelim) and [section 10110 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section10110&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement] may be cited as the ‘Trafficking Survivors Relief Act’.”
#### Short Title of 2024 Amendment
Pub. L. 118–78, § 1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1512, provided that: “This Act [enacting [section 1352 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1352&num=0&edition=prelim) and amending [section 201 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section201&num=0&edition=prelim)] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Extortion Prevention Technical Corrections Act’.”
Pub. L. 118–77, § 1, July
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 1
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a principal.
**(b)** Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense against the United States, is punishable as a principal.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 2
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
No court of the United States, as defined in this chapter, shall have jurisdiction to issue any restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction in a case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, except in a strict conformity with the provisions of this chapter; nor shall any such restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction be issued contrary to the public policy declared in this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 29 U.S.C. § 101
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, act Feb. 11, 1927, ch. 104, § 1, 44 Stat. 1072, related to advertisements for proposals for purchases or services rendered for Board of Mediation, including arbitration boards.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 45 U.S.C. § 164
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whoever knowingly and willfully files any false or fraudulent entry or claim for the payment of drawback, allowance, or refund of duties upon the exportation of merchandise, or knowingly or willfully makes or files any false affidavit, abstract, record, certificate, or other document, with a view to securing the payment to himself or others of any drawback, allowance, or refund of duties, on the exportation of merchandise, greater than that legally due thereon, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both, and such merchandise or the value thereof shall be forfeited.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 550
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In all cases of contempt arising under the laws of the United States governing the issuance of injunctions or restraining orders in any case involving or growing out of a labor dispute, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the contempt shall have been committed.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 3692
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce. Nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor, agricultural, or horticultural organizations, instituted for the purposes of mutual help, and not having capital stock or conducted for profit, or to forbid or restrain individual members of such organizations from lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof; nor shall such organizations, or the members thereof, be held or construed to be illegal combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade, under the antitrust laws.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 17
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section, act May 20, 1926, ch. 347, § 206, as added Apr. 10, 1936, ch. 166, 49 Stat. 1191, transferred certain pending cases before National Labor Relations Board to Mediation Board.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 45 U.S.C. § 186
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The total service of an employee or Member is the full years and twelfth parts thereof, excluding from the aggregate the fractional part of a month, if any.
**(b)** The service of an employee shall be credited from the date of original employment to the date of separation on which title to annuity is based in the civilian service of the Government. Except as provided in paragraph (13) 11 So in original. Probably should be paragraph “(14)”. of this subsection, credit may not be allowed for a period of separation from the service in excess of 3 calendar days. The service includes—
(1) employment as a substitute in the postal field service;
(2) service in the Pan American Sanitary Bureau;
(3) subject to sections 8334(c) and 8339(i) of this title, service performed before July 10, 1960, as an employee of a county committee established under [section 590h(b) of title 16](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title16-section590h/b&num=0&edition=prelim) or of a committee or an association of producers described by [section 610(b) of title 7](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title7-section610/b&num=0&edition=prelim);
(4) service as a student-employee as defined by [section 5351 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5351&num=0&edition=prelim) only if he later becomes subject to this subchapter;
(5) a period of satisfactory service of a volunteer or volunteer leader under chapter 34 of title 22 only if he later becomes subject to this subchapter;
(6) employment under [section 709 of title 32](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title32-section709&num=0&edition=prelim) or any prior corresponding provision of law;
(7) a period of service of
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 8332
Stored review status: release_metadata_unconfirmed. Incoming connection: Explicit cross-reference supplied in source Markdown; currentness and applicability require review.
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 468
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 1951
CHAPTER 95—RACKETEERING
Sec.
1951.
Interference with commerce by threats or vi-
olence.
1952.
Interstate and foreign travel or transpor-
tation in aid of racketeering enterprises.
1953.
Interstate transportation of wagering para-
phernalia.
1954.
Offer, acceptance, or solicitation to influence
operations of employee benefit plan.
1955.
Prohibition of illegal gambling businesses.
1956.
Laundering of monetary instruments.
1957.
Engaging in monetary transactions in prop-
erty derived from specified unlawful activ-
ity.
1958.
Use of interstate commerce facilities in the
commission of murder-for-hire.
1959.
Violent crimes in aid of racketeering activ-
ity.
1960.
Prohibition of unlicensed money transmit-
ting businesses.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2001—Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 373(c), Oct. 26, 2001, 115
Stat. 340, substituted ‘‘unlicensed’’ for ‘‘illegal’’ in item
1960.
1992—Pub. L. 102–550, title XV, § 1512(b), Oct. 28, 1992,
106 Stat. 4058, added item 1960.
1988—Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7053(c), Nov. 18, 1988,
102 Stat. 4402, redesignated items 1952A and 1952B as
1958 and 1959, respectively, and transferred them to the
end of the table of sections.
1986—Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1352(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100
Stat. 3207–21, added items 1956 and 1957.
1984—Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1002(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98
Stat. 2137, added items 1952A and 1952B.
1970—Pub. L. 91–452, title VIII, § 803(b), Oct. 15, 1970, 84
Stat. 938, added item 1955.
1962—Pub. L. 87–420, § 17(f), Mar. 20, 1962, 76 Stat. 43,
added item 1954.
1961—Pub. L. 87–228, § 1(b), Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 499,
added item 1952.
Pub. L. 87–218, § 1, Sept. 13, 1961, 75 Stat. 492, added
item 1953.
§ 1951. Interfer
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 18 U.S.C. § 1951
Stored review status: historical_2024_not_currentness_verified. Same stored citation; legal effect and authority still require review.