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22 U.S.C. § 2293 — Long-term development assistance for sub-Saharan Africa
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Findings** The Congress finds that—
(1) drought and famine have caused countless deaths and untold suffering among the people of sub-Saharan Africa;
(2) drought and famine in combination with other factors such as desertification, government neglect of the agricultural sector, and inappropriate economic policies have severely affected long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa; and
(3) the most cost-effective and efficient way of overcoming Africa’s vulnerability to drought and famine is to address Africa’s long-term development needs through a process that builds upon the needs and capabilities of the African people, promotes sustained and equitable economic growth, preserves the environment, and protects the rights of the individual.
**(b) Authority to furnish assistance** The President is authorized to furnish project and program assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine in accordance with the policies contained in this section, for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa.
**(c) Purpose of assistance**
(1) **Purpose** — The purpose of assistance under this section shall be to help the poor majority of men and women in sub-Saharan Africa to participate in a process of long-term development through economic growth that is equitable, participatory, environmentally sustainable, and self-reliant.
(2) **Use of assistance to encourage private sector development** — Assistance under this section should, in a manner consistent with paragraph (1), be used to promote sustained economic growth, encourage private sector development, promote individual initiatives, and help to reduce the role of central governments in areas more appropriate for the private sector.
**(d) Application of development assistance general authorities and policies** E
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-22/section-2293-long-term-development-assistance-for-sub-saharan-africa--5d96d86fff.md
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 32, § 2293; chapter-032-foreign-assistance.md
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**(a) Findings** The Congress finds that—
(1) drought and famine have caused countless deaths and untold suffering among the people of sub-Saharan Africa;
(2) drought and famine in combination with other factors such as desertification, government neglect of the agricultural sector, and inappropriate economic policies have severely affected long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa; and
(3) the most cost-effective and efficient way of overcoming Africa’s vulnerability to drought and famine is to address Africa’s long-term development needs through a process that builds upon the needs and capabilities of the African people, promotes sustained and equitable economic growth, preserves the environment, and protects the rights of the individual.
**(b) Authority to furnish assistance** The President is authorized to furnish project and program assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine in accordance with the policies contained in this section, for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa.
**(c) Purpose of assistance**
(1) **Purpose** — The purpose of assistance under this section shall be to help the poor majority of men and women in sub-Saharan Africa to participate in a process of long-term development through economic growth that is equitable, participatory, environmentally sustainable, and self-reliant.
(2) **Use of assistance to encourage private sector development** — Assistance under this section should, in a manner consistent with paragraph (1), be used to promote sustained economic growth, encourage private sector development, promote individual initiatives, and help to reduce the role of central governments in areas more appropriate for the private sector.
**(d) Application of development assistance general authorities and policies** Except to the extent inconsistent with this section—
(1) any reference in any law to part I of this subchapter (including references to sections 2151a through 2151d of this title) shall be deemed to include a reference to this section; and
(2) assistance under this section shall be provided consistent with the policies contained in [section 2151–1 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151-1&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(e) Private and voluntary organizations**
(1) **Consultation to ensure local perspectives** — The Agency for International Development shall take into account the local-level perspectives of the rural and urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa, including women, during the planning process for project and program assistance under this section. In order to gain that perspective the Agency for International Development should consult closely with African, United States, and other private and voluntary organizations that have demonstrated effectiveness in or commitment to the promotion of local, grassroots activities on behalf of long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c).
(2) **“Private and voluntary organization” defined** — For purposes of this section, the term “private and voluntary organization” includes (in addition to entities traditionally considered to be private and voluntary organizations) cooperatives, credit unions, trade unions, women’s groups, nonprofit development research institutions, and indigenous local organizations, which are private and nonprofit.
**(f) Local involvement in project implementation** Local people, including women, shall be closely consulted and involved in the implementation of every project under this section which as 11 So in original. Probably should be “has”. a local focus.
**(g) Participation of African women** The Agency for International Development shall ensure that development activities assisted under this section incorporate a significant expansion of the participation (including decisionmaking) and integration of African women in each of the critical sectors described in subsection (i).
**(h) Types of assistance**
(1) **Projects and programs to address critical sectoral priorities** — Assistance under this section shall emphasize primarily projects and programs to address critical sectoral priorities for long-term development described in subsection (i).
(2) **Reform of economic policies**
(A) *Use of program assistance* — Assistance under this section may also include program assistance to promote reform of sectoral economic policies affecting long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c), with primary emphasis on reform of economic policies to support the critical sectoral priorities described in subsection (i).
(B) *Protection of vulnerable groups* — Assisted policy reforms shall also include provisions to protect vulnerable groups (especially poor, isolated, and female farmers, the urban poor, and children including displaced children) and long-term environmental interests from possible negative consequences of the reforms.
(3) **Democratization and conflict resolution capabilities** — Assistance under this section may also include program assistance—
(A) to promote democratization, good governance, and strong civil societies in sub-Saharan Africa; and
(B) to strengthen conflict resolution capabilities of governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental entities in sub-Saharan Africa.
(4) **Other assistance** — Funds made available to carry out this section shall be used almost exclusively for assistance in accordance with paragraphs (1), (2), and (3). Assistance consistent with the purpose of subsection (c) may also be furnished under this section to carry out the provisions of sections 2151a through 2151d of this title.
**(i) Critical sectoral priorities** The critical sectoral priorities for long-term development, as described in subsection (c), are the following:
(1) **Agricultural production and natural resources**
(A) *Agricultural production* — Increasing agricultural production in ways which protect and restore the natural resource base, especially food production, through agricultural policy changes, agricultural research (including participatory research directly involving small farmers) and extension, development and promotion of agriculture marketing activities, credit facilities, and appropriate production packages, and the construction and improvement of needed production-related infrastructure such as farm-to-market roads, small-scale irrigation, and rural electrification. Within this process, emphasis shall be given to promoting increased equity in rural income distribution, recognizing the role of small farmers.
(B) *Natural resource base* — Maintaining and restoring the renewable natural resource base primarily in ways which increase agricultural production, through the following:
(i) Small-scale, affordable, resource-conserving, low-risk local projects, using appropriate technologies (including traditional agricultural methods) suited to local environmental, resource, and climatic conditions, and featuring close consultation with and involvement of local people at all stages of project design and implementation. Emphasis shall be given to grants for African local government organizations, international or African nongovernmental organizations, and United States private and voluntary organizations.
(ii) Support for efforts at national and regional levels to provide technical and other support for projects of the kinds described in clause (i) and to strengthen the capacities of African countries to provide effective extension and other services in support of environmentally sustainable increases in food production.
(iii) Support for special training and education efforts to improve the capacity of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to manage their own environments and natural resources.
(iv) Support for low-cost desalination activities in order to increase the availability of fresh water sources in sub-Saharan Africa.
(2) **Health** — Improving health conditions, with special emphasis on meeting the health needs of mothers and children (including displaced children) through the establishment of primary health care systems that give priority to preventive health and that will be ultimately self-sustaining. In addition, providing training and training facilities, in sub-Saharan Africa, for doctors and other health care providers, notwithstanding any provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries.
(3) **Voluntary family planning services** — Providing increased access to voluntary family planning services, including encouragement of private, community, and local government initiatives.
(4) **Education** — Improving the relevance, equity, and efficiency of education, with special emphasis on improving primary education.
(5) **Income-generating opportunities** — Developing income-generating opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in urban and rural areas through, among other things, support for off-farm employment opportunities in micro- and small-scale labor-intensive enterprises.
**(j) Minimum levels of assistance for certain critical sectors** The Agency for International Development should target the equivalent of 10 percent of the amount authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year to carry out this part for each of the following:
(1) The activities described in subsection (i)(1)(B), including identifiable components of agricultural production projects.
(2) The activities described in subsection (i)(2).
(3) The activities described in subsection (i)(3).
**(k) Effective use of assistance** Assistance provided under this section shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance in order to fulfill the purpose specified in subsection (c), especially those countries (including those of the Sahel region) having the greatest need for outside assistance.
**(l) Promotion of regional integration** Assistance under this section shall, to the extent consistent with this section, include assistance to promote the regional and subregional integration of African production structures, markets, and infrastructure.
**(m) Donor coordination mechanism** Funds made available to carry out this section may be used to assist the governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to increase their capacity to participate effectively in donor coordination mechanisms at the country, regional, and sector levels.
**(n) Relation to other authorities**
(1) **Assistance under other authorities** — The authority granted by this section to provide assistance for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa is not intended to preclude the use of other authorities for that purpose. Centrally funded programs which benefit sub-Saharan Africa shall continue to be funded under part I of this subchapter.
(2) **Transfer authorities**
(A) The transfer authority contained in [section 2151g of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151g&num=0&edition=prelim) shall not apply with respect to this section.
(B) The transfer authority contained in [section 2360(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2360/a&num=0&edition=prelim) may not be used to transfer funds made available to carry out this section in order to allow them to be used in carrying out any other provision of this chapter.
(3) **Reprogramming notifications** — [Section 2394–1 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2394-1&num=0&edition=prelim) does not apply with respect to funds made available to carry out this section.
(4) **Procurement of goods and services** — In order to allow the assistance authorized by this section to be furnished as effectively and expeditiously as possible, [section 2354(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2354/a&num=0&edition=prelim), and similar provisions relating to the procurement of goods and services, shall not apply with respect to goods and services procured for use in carrying out this section. The exemption provided by this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to the Comprehensive Anti/Apartheid Act of 1986.
**(o) Support for SADCC projects**
(1) **Authority to provide assistance** — To the extent funds are provided for such purpose in the annual Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, funds made available to carry out this part may be used to assist sector projects, in the sectors specified in paragraph (2), that are supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) to enhance the economic development of the member states forming that regional institution.
(2) **Sectors** — The sectors with respect to which assistance may be provided under this subsection are the following: transportation; manpower development; agriculture and natural resources; energy (including the improved utilization of electrical power sources which already exist in the member states and offer the potential to swiftly reduce the dependence of those states on South Africa for electricity); and industrial development and trade (including private sector initiatives).
(3) **Relation to DFA policies and authorities** — To the maximum extent feasible, the assistance authorized by this subsection shall be provided consistent with the policies and authorities contained in the preceding subsection of this section.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Congressional objectives and findings** The Congress declares that, in order to achieve the mutual goals among nations of ensuring food security, human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sustainable use of natural resources, the United States should mobilize the capacities of the United States land-grant universities, other eligible universities, and public and private partners of universities in the United States and other countries, consistent with sections 2151a and 2151a–1 of this title, for: (1) global research on problems affecting food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; (2) improved human capacity and institutional resource development for the global application of agricultural and related environmental sciences; (3) agricultural development and trade research and extension services in the United States and other countries to support the entry of rural industries into world markets; and (4) providing for the application of agricultural sciences to solving food, health, nutrition, rural income, and environmental problems, especially such problems in low-income, food deficit countries. The Congress so declares because it finds—
(A) that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, State, and county governments has led to agricultural progress with and through the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of economic development;
(B) that land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with international agencies, educational and research institutions in other countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations worldwide, in expanding global agricultural produc
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2220a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Delegation by President; rules and regulations; utilization of goods and services from private enterprise, and facilities and resources of Federal agencies when not competitive with private enterprise** The President may exercise any functions conferred upon him by this chapter through such agency or officer of the United States Government as he shall direct. The head of any such agency or such officer may from time to time promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out such functions, and may delegate authority to perform any such functions, including, if he shall so specify, the authority successively to redelegate any of such functions to any of his subordinates. In providing technical assistance under this chapter, the head of any such agency or such officer shall utilize, to the fullest extent practicable, goods and professional and other services from private enterprise on a contract basis. In such fields as education, health, housing, or agriculture, the facilities and resources of other Federal agencies shall be utilized when such facilities are particularly or uniquely suitable for technical assistance, are not competitive with private enterprise, and can be made available without interfering unduly with domestic programs.
**(b) Eligibility of suppliers; debarment period; causes for debarment; conditions for reinstatement; periodic review** The President shall issue and enforce regulations determining the eligibility of any person to receive funds made available under this chapter. A person may be suspended under such regulations for a temporary period pending the completion of an investigation and any resulting judicial or debarment proceedings, upon cause for belief that such person or an affiliate thereof probably has undertake
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2381
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(a) United States development cooperation policy
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2151
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Whenever the President determines it to be necessary for the purposes of this part, not to exceed 15 per centum of the funds made available for any provision of this part may be transferred to, and consolidated with, the funds made available for any other provision of this part, and may be used for any of the purposes for which such funds may be used, except that the total in the provision for the benefit of which the transfer is made shall not be increased by more than 25 per centum of the amount of funds made available for such provision. The authority of sections 2360(a) and 2364(a) of this title may not be used to transfer funds made available under this part for use for purposes of any other provision of this chapter, except that the authority of such sections may be used to transfer for the purposes of [section 2427 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2427&num=0&edition=prelim) not to exceed five per centum of the amount of funds made available for [section 2427(a)(1) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2427/a/1&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2151g
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President of the United States is authorized to designate and empower the head of any department or agency in the executive branch, or any official thereof who is required to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to perform without approval, ratification, or other action by the President (1) any function which is vested in the President by law, or (2) any function which such officer is required or authorized by law to perform only with or subject to the approval, ratification, or other action of the President: Provided, That nothing contained herein shall relieve the President of his responsibility in office for the acts of any such head or other official designated by him to perform such functions. Such designation and authorization shall be in writing, shall be published in the Federal Register, shall be subject to such terms, conditions, and limitations as the President may deem advisable, and shall be revocable at any time by the President in whole or in part.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 3 U.S.C. § 301
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President shall submit to the Congress, not later than 1 year after May 18, 2000, and annually thereafter through 2008, a comprehensive report on the trade and investment policy of the United States for sub-Saharan Africa, and on the implementation of this chapter and the amendments made by this chapter.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 3705
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Declaration of policy** Congress declares that free trade agreements should be negotiated, where feasible, with interested countries in sub-Saharan Africa, in order to serve as the catalyst for increasing trade between the United States and sub-Saharan Africa and increasing private sector investment in sub-Saharan Africa.
**(b) Plan requirement**
(1) **In general** — The President, taking into account the provisions of the treaty establishing the African Economic Community and the willingness of the governments of sub-Saharan African countries to engage in negotiations to enter into free trade agreements, shall develop a plan for the purpose of negotiating and entering into one or more trade agreements with interested beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries.
(2) **Elements of plan** — The plan shall include the following:
(A) The specific objectives of the United States with respect to negotiations described in paragraph (1) and a suggested timetable for achieving those objectives.
(B) The benefits to both the United States and the relevant sub-Saharan African countries with respect to the applicable free trade agreement or agreements.
(C) A mutually agreed-upon timetable for the negotiations.
(D) The implications for and the role of regional and sub-regional organizations in sub-Saharan Africa with respect to such free trade agreement or agreements.
(E) Subject matter anticipated to be covered by the negotiations and United States laws, programs, and policies, as well as the laws of participating eligible African countries and existing bilateral and multilateral and economic cooperation and trade agreements, that may be affected by the agreement or agreements.
(F) Procedures to ensure the following:
(i) Adequate consultation with the C
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 3723
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Use of sustainable development assistance to support further economic growth** It is the sense of the Congress that sustained economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa depends in large measure upon the development of a receptive environment for trade and investment, and that to achieve this objective the United States Agency for International Development should continue to support programs which help to create this environment. Investments in human resources, development, and implementation of free market policies, including policies to liberalize agricultural markets and improve food security, and the support for the rule of law and democratic governance should continue to be encouraged and enhanced on a bilateral and regional basis.
**(b) Declarations of policy** The Congress makes the following declarations:
(1) The Development Fund for Africa established under chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ([22 U.S.C. 2293](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2293&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.) has been an effective tool in providing development assistance to sub-Saharan Africa since 1988.
(2) The Development Fund for Africa will complement the other provisions of this chapter and lay a foundation for increased trade and investment opportunities between the United States and sub-Saharan Africa.
(3) Assistance provided through the Development Fund for Africa will continue to support programs and activities that promote the long term economic development of sub-Saharan Africa, such as programs and activities relating to the following:
(A) Strengthening primary and vocational education systems, especially the acquisition of middle-level technical skills for operating modern private businesses and the introduc
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 3737
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Statement of purpose** It is the purpose of this section to encourage the establishment of partnerships between State governments, universities, community colleges, and businesses to support scholarships for talented socially and economically disadvantaged students from eligible countries in the Caribbean and Central America to study in the United States in order to—
(1) improve the diversity and quality of educational opportunities for such students;
(2) assist the development efforts of eligible countries by providing training and educational assistance to persons who can help address the social and economic needs of these countries;
(3) expand opportunities for cross-cultural studies and exchanges and improve the exchange of understanding and principles of democracy;
(4) promote positive and productive relationships between the United States and its neighbor countries in the Caribbean and Central American regions;
(5) give added visibility and focus to the “scholarship diplomacy” efforts of the United States Government by leveraging the monies available for this purpose through the development of partnerships among Federal, State, and local governments and the business and academic communities; and
(6) promote community involvement with the scholarship program as a tool for broadening and strengthening the “American experience” for foreign students.
**(b) Establishment of scholarship program** The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall establish and administer a program of scholarship assistance, in cooperation with State governments, universities, community colleges, and businesses, to provide scholarships to enable socially and economically disadvantaged students from eligible countries in the Caribbean and Central America to s
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 20 U.S.C. § 226
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Sense of Congress** It is the sense of Congress that the political transition in Sudan, following several months of popular protests against the regime of Omar al-Bashir, represents an opportunity for the United States to support democracy, good governance, rule of law, human rights, and fundamental freedoms in Sudan.
**(b) In general** Notwithstanding any other provision of law (other than the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 [[22 U.S.C. 7101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section7101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] and the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008), the President is authorized to provide assistance under part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ([22 U.S.C. 2151](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2151&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq. and 2346 et seq.)—
(1) to provide for democracy and governance programs that strengthen and build the capacity of representative civilian government institutions, political parties, and civil society in Sudan;
(2) to support the organization of free, fair, and credible elections in Sudan;
(3) to provide technical support for legal and policy reforms that improve transparency and accountability and protect human rights, including religious freedom, and civil liberties in Sudan;
(4) to support human rights and fundamental freedoms in Sudan, including the freedoms of—
(A) religion or belief;
(B) expression, including for members of the press;
(C) assembly; and
(D) association;
(5) to support measures to improve and increase women’s participation in the political, economic, and social sectors of Sudan; and
(6) to support other related democracy, good governance, rule of law, and fundamental f
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 10003
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