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22 U.S.C. § 3223 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** As used in this chapter, the term—
(1) “Commission” means the Nuclear Regulatory Commission;
(2) “IAEA” means International Atomic Energy Agency;
(3) “nuclear materials and equipment” means source material, special nuclear material, production facilities, utilization facilities, and components, items or substances determined to have significance for nuclear explosive purposes pursuant to subsection 109b 11 So in the original. Probably should be “section 109(b)”. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2139(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2139/b&num=0&edition=prelim)];
(4) “physical security measures” means measures to reasonably ensure that source or special nuclear material will only be used for authorized purposes and to prevent theft and sabotage;
(5) “sensitive nuclear technology” means any information (including information incorporated in a production or utilization facility or important component part thereof) which is not available to the public and which is important to the design, construction, fabrication, operation or maintenance of a uranium enrichment or nuclear fuel reprocessing facility or a facility for the production of heavy water, but shall not include Restricted Data controlled pursuant to chapter 12 of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2161](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2161&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.];
(6) “1954 Act” means the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [[42 U.S.C. 2011](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2011&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]; and
(7) “the Treaty” means the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
**(b)** All other terms used in this chapter not defined in this section shall have
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 47, § 3223; chapter-047-nuclear-non-proliferation.md
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**(a)** As used in this chapter, the term—
(1) “Commission” means the Nuclear Regulatory Commission;
(2) “IAEA” means International Atomic Energy Agency;
(3) “nuclear materials and equipment” means source material, special nuclear material, production facilities, utilization facilities, and components, items or substances determined to have significance for nuclear explosive purposes pursuant to subsection 109b 11 So in the original. Probably should be “section 109(b)”. of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2139(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2139/b&num=0&edition=prelim)];
(4) “physical security measures” means measures to reasonably ensure that source or special nuclear material will only be used for authorized purposes and to prevent theft and sabotage;
(5) “sensitive nuclear technology” means any information (including information incorporated in a production or utilization facility or important component part thereof) which is not available to the public and which is important to the design, construction, fabrication, operation or maintenance of a uranium enrichment or nuclear fuel reprocessing facility or a facility for the production of heavy water, but shall not include Restricted Data controlled pursuant to chapter 12 of the 1954 Act [[42 U.S.C. 2161](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2161&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.];
(6) “1954 Act” means the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [[42 U.S.C. 2011](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2011&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]; and
(7) “the Treaty” means the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
**(b)** All other terms used in this chapter not defined in this section shall have the meanings ascribed to them by the 1954 Act, the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 [[42 U.S.C. 5801](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section5801&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], and the Treaty.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
No person shall on the ground of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied a license under, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity carried on or receiving Federal assistance under any subchapter of this chapter. This provision will be enforced through agency provisions and rules similar to those already established, with respect to racial and other discrimination, under title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [[42 U.S.C. 2000d](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2000d&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.]. However, this remedy is not exclusive and will not prejudice or cut off any other legal remedies available to a discriminatee.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Energy development programs** The United States shall initiate a program, consistent with the aims of [section 3261 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section3261&num=0&edition=prelim), to cooperate with developing countries for the purpose of—
(1) meeting the energy needs required for the development of such countries;
(2) reducing the dependence of such countries on petroleum fuels, with emphasis given to utilizing solar and other renewable energy resources; and
(3) expanding the energy alternatives available to such countries.
**(b) Energy assessments and cooperative projects** Such program shall include cooperation in evaluating the energy alternatives of developing countries, facilitating international trade in energy commodities, developing energy resources, and applying suitable energy technologies. The program shall include both general and country-specific energy assessments and cooperative projects in resource exploration and production, training, research and development.
**(c) Exchange of scientists, technicians, and energy experts** As an integral part of such program, the Department of Energy, under the general policy guidance of the Department of State and in cooperation with the Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as appropriate, shall initiate, as soon as practicable, a program for the exchange of United States scientists, technicians, and energy experts with those of developing countries to implement the purposes of this section.
**(d) Authorization of appropriations** For the purposes of carrying out this section, there is authorized to be appropriated such sums as are contained in annual authorization Acts for the Department of Energy, including such sums which h
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Atomic energy is capable of application for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to be the policy of the United States that—
**(a)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and
**(b)** the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency is abolished.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
It shall be the policy of the Commission to control the dissemination and declassification of Restricted Data in such a manner as to assure the common defense and security. Consistent with such policy, the Commission shall be guided by the following principles:
**(a)** Until effective and enforceable international safeguards against the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes have been established by an international arrangement, there shall be no exchange of Restricted Data with other nations except as authorized by [section 2164 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2164&num=0&edition=prelim); and
**(b)** The dissemination of scientific and technical information relating to atomic energy should be permitted and encouraged so as to provide that free interchange of ideas and criticism which is essential to scientific and industrial progress and public understanding and to enlarge the fund of technical information.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1318
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 3221
The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, referred to in
subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 93–438, Oct. 11, 1974, 88 Stat. 1233,
which is classified principally to chapter 73 (§ 5801 et
seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For
complete classification of this Act to the Code, see
Short Title note set out under section 5801 of Title 42
and Tables.
AMENDMENTS
1998—Pub. L. 105–277 redesignated pars. (3) to (8) as (2)
to (7), respectively, and struck out former par. (2)
which read as follows: ‘‘ ‘Director’ means the Director
of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency;’’.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999,
see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effec-
tive Date note under section 6511 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective Mar. 10, 1978, except as otherwise
provided and regardless of any requirements for the
promulgation of implementing regulations, see section
603(c) of Pub. L. 95–242, set out as a note under section
3201 of this title.
SUBCHAPTER I—UNITED STATES INITIA-
TIVES TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE NUCLEAR
FUEL SUPPLY
§ 3221. Congressional declaration of policy
The United States, as a matter of national
policy, shall take such actions and institute
such measures as may be necessary and feasible
to assure other nations and groups of nations
that may seek to utilize the benefits of atomic
energy for peaceful purposes that it will provide
a reliable supply of nuclear fuel to those nations
and groups of nations which adhere to policies
designed to prevent proliferation. Such nuclear
fuel shall be provided under agreements entered
into pursuant to section 2201 of title 42 or as
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 3223
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5360
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2011
Sec.
2297f–2.
Regulation of Restricted Data.
SUBCHAPTER VII—DECONTAMINATION AND
DECOMMISSIONING
2297g.
Uranium Enrichment Decontamination
and Decommissioning Fund.
2297g–1.
Deposits.
2297g–2.
Department facilities.
2297g–3.
Employee provisions.
2297g–4.
Reports to Congress.
SUBCHAPTER VIII—UNITED STATES ENRICHMENT
CORPORATION PRIVATIZATION
2297h.
Definitions.
2297h–1.
Sale of Corporation.
2297h–2.
Method of sale.
2297h–3.
Establishment of private corporation.
2297h–4.
Transfers to private corporation.
2297h–5.
Leasing of gaseous diffusion facilities.
2297h–6.
Transfer of contracts.
2297h–7.
Liabilities.
2297h–8.
Employee protections.
2297h–9.
Ownership limitations.
2297h–10.
Uranium transfers and sales.
2297h–10a.
Incentives for additional downblending
of highly enriched uranium by the Rus-
sian Federation.
2297h–10b.
Secretarial
determinations;
congres-
sional notification.
2297h–11.
Low-level waste.
2297h–12.
AVLIS.
2297h–13.
Application of certain laws.
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which is classified
principally to this chapter, is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724.
It was originally enacted as the Atomic Energy Act of
1946, act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, 60 Stat. 755, which con-
sisted of sections 1 to 21 and was classified generally to
chapter 14 (§ 1801 et seq.) of this title. The Atomic En-
ergy Act of 1946 was renamed the Atomic Energy Act of
1954 and amended generally by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch.
1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919, and was subsequently transferred
to this chapter. Sections that were enacted as part of
the 1954 general amendment are shown herein as having
been added to act Aug. 1, 1946, and not as amending it,
due to the
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2011
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Licenses for domestic activities** With respect to those utilization and production facilities which are so determined by the Commission pursuant to section 2014(v)(2) or 2014(cc)(2) of this title the Commission may issue general licenses for domestic activities required to be licensed under [section 2131 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2131&num=0&edition=prelim), if the Commission determines in writing that such general licensing will not constitute an unreasonable risk to the common defense and security.
**(b) Export licenses** After consulting with the Secretaries of State, Energy, and Commerce, the Commission is authorized and directed to determine which component parts as defined in section 2014(v)(2) or 2014(cc)(2) of this title and which other items or substances are especially relevant from the standpoint of export control because of their significance for nuclear explosive purposes. Except as provided in [section 2155(b)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2155/b/2&num=0&edition=prelim), no such component, substance, or item which is so determined by the Commission shall be exported unless the Commission issues a general or specific license for its export after finding, based on a reasonable judgment of the assurances provided and other information available to the Federal Government, including the Commission, that the following criteria or their equivalent are met: (1) IAEA safeguards as required by Article III (2) of the Treaty will be applied with respect to such component, substance, or item; (2) no such component, substance, or item will be used for any nuclear explosive device or for research on or development of any nuclear explosiv
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 2139
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5431
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2139
‘‘(b) The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is author-
ized and directed to undertake a study of the feasibility
and value of licensing, under section 107 of the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954 [this section], plant managers of uti-
lization facilities and senior licensee officers respon-
sible for operation of such facilities. The Commission
shall report to the Congress within six months of the
date of enactment of this Act [June 30, 1980] on the
findings and recommendations of the study required by
this subsection, and shall expeditiously implement
each such recommendation not requiring legislative en-
actment.’’
§ 2138. Suspension of licenses during war or na-
tional emergency
Whenever the Congress declares that a state of
war or national emergency exists, the Commis-
sion is authorized to suspend any licenses grant-
ed under this chapter if in its judgment such ac-
tion is necessary to the common defense and se-
curity. The Commission is authorized during
such period, if the Commission finds it nec-
essary to the common defense and security, to
order the recapture of any special nuclear mate-
rial or to order the operation of any facility li-
censed under section 2133 or 2134 of this title,
and is authorized to order the entry into any
plant or facility in order to recapture such ma-
terial, or to operate such facility. Just com-
pensation shall be paid for any damages caused
by the recapture of any special nuclear material
or by the operation of any such facility.
(Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, title I, § 108, as added Aug.
30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 939; amended Pub.
L. 86–373, § 2, Sept. 23, 1959, 73 Stat. 691; renum-
bered title I, Pub. L. 102–486, title IX, § 902(a)(8),
Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 29
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2139
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 5469
TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE
§ 2162
• Sections 135(d)(1)–(d)(3), (d)(5)(B), and (d)(6) to the
Secretary of State, in consultation with other relevant
agencies as appropriate;
• Section 135(d)(4) to the Secretary of State, in con-
sultation with the Secretary of the Treasury as appro-
priate, with respect to the requirement to submit the
report described in that provision and to prepare each
of the required elements of the report, with the excep-
tion of the required assessment related to money laun-
dering or terrorist finance activities in section
135(d)(4)(H);
• Section 135(d)(4)(H) to the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, with
respect to preparation of the assessment described in
that provision for inclusion in the report required by
section 135(d)(4).
Any reference in this memorandum to provisions of
any act related to the subject of this memorandum
shall be deemed to include references to any hereafter
enacted provisions of law that are the same or substan-
tially the same as such provisions.
The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to
publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
BARACK OBAMA.
SUBCHAPTER XI—CONTROL OF
INFORMATION
§ 2161. Policy of Commission
It shall be the policy of the Commission to
control the dissemination and declassification of
Restricted Data in such a manner as to assure
the common defense and security. Consistent
with such policy, the Commission shall be guid-
ed by the following principles:
(a) Until effective and enforceable inter-
national safeguards against the use of atomic
energy for destructive purposes have been estab-
lished by an international arrangement, there
shall be no exchange of Restricted Data with
other nations except as
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 2161
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