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49 U.S.C. § 44810 — Airport safety and airspace hazard mitigation and enforcement
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Coordination.—** The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall work with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies for the purpose of ensuring that technologies or systems that are developed, tested, or deployed by Federal departments and agencies to detect and mitigate potential risks posed by errant or hostile unmanned aircraft system operations do not adversely impact or interfere with safe airport operations, navigation, air traffic services, or the safe and efficient operation of the national airspace system.
**(b) Plan.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The Administrator shall develop a plan for the certification, permitting, authorizing, or allowing of the deployment of technologies or systems for the detection and mitigation of unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) **Contents.—** — The plan shall provide for the development of policies, procedures, or protocols that will allow appropriate officials of the Federal Aviation Administration to utilize such technologies or systems to take steps to detect and mitigate potential airspace safety risks posed by unmanned aircraft system operations.
(3) **Aviation rulemaking committee.—** — The Administrator shall charter an aviation rulemaking committee to make recommendations for such a plan and any standards that the Administrator determines may need to be developed with respect to such technologies or systems. The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) 11 See References in Text note below. shall not apply to an aviation rulemaking committee chartered under this paragraph.
(4) **Non-delegation.—** — The plan shall not delegate any authority granted to the Administrator under this section to other Federal, State, loc
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Source location: Title 49, Chapter 448, § 44810; chapter-448-unmanned-aircraft-systems.md
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**(a) Coordination.—** The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall work with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies for the purpose of ensuring that technologies or systems that are developed, tested, or deployed by Federal departments and agencies to detect and mitigate potential risks posed by errant or hostile unmanned aircraft system operations do not adversely impact or interfere with safe airport operations, navigation, air traffic services, or the safe and efficient operation of the national airspace system.
**(b) Plan.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The Administrator shall develop a plan for the certification, permitting, authorizing, or allowing of the deployment of technologies or systems for the detection and mitigation of unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) **Contents.—** — The plan shall provide for the development of policies, procedures, or protocols that will allow appropriate officials of the Federal Aviation Administration to utilize such technologies or systems to take steps to detect and mitigate potential airspace safety risks posed by unmanned aircraft system operations.
(3) **Aviation rulemaking committee.—** — The Administrator shall charter an aviation rulemaking committee to make recommendations for such a plan and any standards that the Administrator determines may need to be developed with respect to such technologies or systems. The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) 11 See References in Text note below. shall not apply to an aviation rulemaking committee chartered under this paragraph.
(4) **Non-delegation.—** — The plan shall not delegate any authority granted to the Administrator under this section to other Federal, State, local, territorial, or tribal agencies, or an airport sponsor, as defined in [section 47102 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section47102&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code.
**(c) Airspace Hazard Mitigation Program.—** In order to test and evaluate technologies or systems that detect and mitigate potential aviation safety risks posed by unmanned aircraft, the Administrator shall deploy such technologies or systems at 5 airports, including 1 airport that ranks in the top 10 of the FAA’s most recent Passenger Boarding Data, and any other location the Administrator determines appropriate.
**(d) Authority.—** Under the testing and evaluation in subsection (c), the Administrator shall use unmanned aircraft detection and mitigation systems to detect and mitigate the unauthorized operation of an unmanned aircraft that poses a risk to aviation safety.
**(e) Aip Funding Eligibility.—** Upon the certification, permitting, authorizing, or allowing of such technologies and systems that have been successfully tested under this section, an airport sponsor may apply for a grant under subchapter I of chapter 471 to purchase an unmanned aircraft detection and mitigation system. For purposes of this subsection, purchasing an unmanned aircraft detection and mitigation system shall be considered airport development (as defined in section 47102).
**(f) Briefing.—** The Administrator shall annually brief the appropriate committees of Congress, including the Committee on Judiciary 22 So in original. Probably should be preceded by “the”. of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, on the implementation of this section.
**(g) Applicability of Other Laws.—** [Section 46502 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section46502&num=0&edition=prelim), [section 32 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section32&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code (commonly known as the Aircraft Sabotage Act), [section 1031 of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section1031&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code (commonly known as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986),1 sections 2510–2522 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the Wiretap Act), and sections 3121–3127 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the Pen/Trap Statute), shall not apply to activities authorized by the Administrator pursuant to subsection 33 So in original. Probably should be “subsections”. (c) and (d).
**(h) Sunset.—** This section ceases to be effective September 30, 2028.
**(i) Non-delegation.—** The Administrator shall not delegate any authority granted to the Administrator under this section to other Federal, State, local, territorial, or tribal agencies, or an airport sponsor, as defined in [section 47102 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section47102&num=0&edition=prelim), United States Code. The Administrator may partner with other Federal agencies under this section, subject to any restrictions contained in such agencies’ authority to operate counter unmanned aircraft systems.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever willfully—
(1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used, operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce;
(2) places or causes to be placed a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or otherwise makes or causes to be made unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use, any such aircraft, or any part or other materials used or intended to be used in connection with the operation of such aircraft, if such placing or causing to be placed or such making or causing to be made is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft;
(3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables any air navigation facility, or interferes by force or violence with the operation of such facility, if such fire, damaging, destroying, disabling, or interfering is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft in flight;
(4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or disable any such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables or places a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any appliance or structure, ramp, landing area, property, machine, or apparatus, or any facility or other material used, or intended to be used, in connection with the operation, maintenance, loading, unloading or storage of any such aircraft or any cargo carried or intended to be carried on any such aircraft;
(5) interferes with or disables, with intent to endanger the safety of any person or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, anyone engaged in the authorized operation of such aircraft or any air navigation facility aiding in the navigation of any such aircraft;
(6) performs an act of violence
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this subchapter—
(1) “air carrier” has the meaning given such term in section 40102.
(2) “airport”—
(A) means—
(i) an area of land or water used or intended to be used for the landing and taking off of aircraft;
(ii) an appurtenant area used or intended to be used for airport buildings or other airport facilities or rights of way; and
(iii) airport buildings and facilities located in any of those areas; and
(B) includes a heliport.
(3) “airport development” means the following activities, if undertaken by the sponsor, owner, or operator of a public-use airport:
(A) constructing, repairing, or improving a public-use airport, including—
(i) removing, lowering, relocating, marking, and lighting an airport hazard;
(ii) preparing a plan or specification, including carrying out a field investigation; and
(iii) a secondary runway at a nonhub airport that is equivalent in size and type to the primary runway of such airport.
(B) acquiring for, or installing at, a public-use airport—
(i) a navigation aid or another aid (including a precision approach system) used by aircraft for landing at or taking off from the airport, including preparing the site as required by the acquisition or installation;
(ii) safety or security equipment, including explosive detection devices, universal access systems, and emergency call boxes, the Secretary requires by regulation for, or approves as contributing significantly to, the safety or security of individuals and property at the airport and integrated in-pavement lighting systems for runways and taxiways and other runway and taxiway incursion prevention devices;
(iii) equipment to remove snow, to measure runway surface friction, or for aviation-related weather reporting, including cl
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 47102
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) **Aircraft.—** — The term “aircraft” means a civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air.
(2) **Aviation quality.—** — The term “aviation quality”, with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards specified by law (including applicable regulations).
(3) **Destructive substance.—** — The term “destructive substance” means an explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature.
(4) **In flight.—** — The term “in flight” means—
(A) any time from the moment at which all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; and
(B) in the case of a forced landing, until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board.
(5) **In service.—** — The term “in service” means—
(A) any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any landing; and
(B) in any event includes the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight.
(6) **Motor vehicle.—** — The term “motor vehicle” means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or p
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 31
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, any scheme or artifice with the intent—
(1) to defraud the United States; or
(2) to obtain money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises,
in any grant, contract, subcontract, subsidy, loan, guarantee, insurance, or other form of Federal assistance, including through the Troubled Asset Relief Program, an economic stimulus, recovery or rescue plan provided by the Government, or the Government’s purchase of any troubled asset as defined in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, or in any procurement of property or services as a prime contractor with the United States or as a subcontractor or supplier on a contract in which there is a prime contract with the United States, if the value of such grant, contract, subcontract, subsidy, loan, guarantee, insurance, or other form of Federal assistance, or any constituent part thereof, is $1,000,000 or more shall, subject to the applicability of subsection (c) of this section, be fined not more than $1,000,000, or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both.
**(b)** The fine imposed for an offense under this section may exceed the maximum otherwise provided by law, if such fine does not exceed $5,000,000 and—
(1) the gross loss to the Government or the gross gain to a defendant is $500,000 or greater; or
(2) the offense involves a conscious or reckless risk of serious personal injury.
**(c)** The maximum fine imposed upon a defendant for a prosecution including a prosecution with multiple counts under this section shall not exceed $10,000,000.
**(d)** Nothing in this section shall preclude a court from imposing any other sentences available under this title, including without limitation a fine up to twice the amo
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 18 U.S.C. § 1031
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Executive departments are:
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 101
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In Special Aircraft Jurisdiction.—**
(1) In this subsection—
(A) “aircraft piracy” means seizing or exercising control of an aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States by force, violence, threat of force or violence, or any form of intimidation, and with wrongful intent.
(B) an attempt to commit aircraft piracy is in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States although the aircraft is not in flight at the time of the attempt if the aircraft would have been in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States had the aircraft piracy been completed.
(2) An individual committing or attempting or conspiring to commit aircraft piracy—
(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or
(B) notwithstanding [section 3559(b) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3559/b&num=0&edition=prelim), if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.
**(b) Outside Special Aircraft Jurisdiction.—**
(1) An individual committing or conspiring to commit an offense (as defined in the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft) on an aircraft in flight outside the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States—
(A) shall be imprisoned for at least 20 years; or
(B) notwithstanding [section 3559(b) of title 18](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title18-section3559/b&num=0&edition=prelim), if the death of another individual results from the commission or attempt, shall be put to death or imprisoned for life.
(2) There is jurisdiction over the offense in paragraph (1) if—
(A) a national of the United States was aboard the aircraft;
(B) an offender is a nat
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 46502
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General Penalty.—**
(1) A person is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not more than $75,000 (or $1,100 if the person is an individual or small business concern) for violating—
(A) chapter 401 (except sections 40103(a) and (d), 40105, 40116, and 40117), chapter 411, chapter 413 (except sections 41307 and 41310(b)–(f)), chapter 415 (except sections 41502, 41505, and 41507–41509), chapter 417 (except sections 41703, 41704, 41710, 41713, and 41714), chapter 419, subchapter II or III of chapter 421, chapter 423 (except section 42306), chapter 441 (except section 44109), section 44502(b) or (c), chapter 447 (except sections 44717 and 44719–44723), chapter 448, chapter 449 (except sections 44902, 44903(d), 44904, 44907(a)–(d)(1)(A) and (d)(1)(C)–(f), and 44908), chapter 451, section 47107(a)(22) (including any assurance made under such section), section 47107(b) (including any assurance made under such section), or [section 47133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section47133&num=0&edition=prelim);
(B) a regulation prescribed or order issued under any provision to which clause (A) of this paragraph applies;
(C) any term of a certificate or permit issued under section 41102, 41103, or 41302 of this title; or
(D) a regulation of the United States Postal Service under this part.
(2) A separate violation occurs under this subsection for each day the violation (other than a violation of section 41719) continues or, if applicable, for each flight involving the violation (other than a violation of section 41719).
(3) **Penalty for diversion of aviation revenues.—** — The amount of a civil penalty assessed under this section for a violation of [section 47107(b) of this title](https://usc
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 46301
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever—
(1) having knowingly accessed a computer without authorization or exceeding authorized access, and by means of such conduct having obtained information that has been determined by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive order or statute to require protection against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national defense or foreign relations, or any restricted data, as defined in paragraph y. of section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, with reason to believe that such information so obtained could be used to the injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign nation willfully communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it;
(2) intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains—
(A) information contained in a financial record of a financial institution, or of a card issuer as defined in section 1602(n) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 15, or contained in a file of a consumer reporting agency on a consumer, as such terms are defined in the Fair Credit Reporting Act ([15 U.S.C. 1681](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section1681&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.);
(B) information from any department or agency of the United States; or
(C) information from any protected computer;
(3) intentionally, without authorization to access any nonpublic computer of a department or agency of the United States,
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 1424
TITLE 49—TRANSPORTATION
§ 44810
lows: ‘‘In Class G airspace, the aircraft is flown from
the surface to not more than 400 feet above ground
level and complies with all airspace restrictions and
prohibitions.’’
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–63, § 928(a)(2), added subsec. (c)
and struck out former subsec. (c) which related to oper-
ations at fixed sites.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–63, § 928(a)(3), struck out ‘‘sub-
section (a) of’’ before ‘‘this section, prior to’’ in par. (3)
and substituted subsec. (d) designation and heading for
‘‘(d) UPDATES’’, pars. (1) and (2), and ‘‘(3) SAVINGS
CLAUSE’’. Prior to amendment, pars. (1) and (2) related
to process to periodically update operational param-
eters and related considerations.
Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 928(a)(4), struck out
‘‘updates to’’ before ‘‘the operational parameters’’.
Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 118–63, § 928(a)(5), added par. (1)
and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment,
text of par. (1) read as follows: ‘‘Not later than 180 days
after the date of enactment of this section, the Admin-
istrator, in consultation with manufacturers of un-
manned aircraft systems, other industry stakeholders,
and community-based organizations, shall develop an
aeronautical knowledge and safety test, which can then
be administered electronically by the Administrator, a
community-based organization, or a person designated
by the Administrator.’’
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 118–63, § 928(a)(6), added par. (1)
and redesignated former pars. (1) to (6) as (2) to (7), re-
spectively.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
USE OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FOR
EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES
Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, § 350, Oct. 5, 2018, 132
Stat. 3300, as amended by Pub. L. 116–283, div. H, title
C, § 10002
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 49 U.S.C. § 44810
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