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18 U.S.C. § 31 — Definitions
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions.—** In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) **Aircraft.—** — The term “aircraft” means a civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air.
(2) **Aviation quality.—** — The term “aviation quality”, with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards specified by law (including applicable regulations).
(3) **Destructive substance.—** — The term “destructive substance” means an explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature.
(4) **In flight.—** — The term “in flight” means—
(A) any time from the moment at which all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; and
(B) in the case of a forced landing, until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board.
(5) **In service.—** — The term “in service” means—
(A) any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any landing; and
(B) in any event includes the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight.
(6) **Motor vehicle.—** — The term “motor vehicle” means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or p
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**(a) Definitions.—** In this chapter, the following definitions apply:
(1) **Aircraft.—** — The term “aircraft” means a civil, military, or public contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in the air.
(2) **Aviation quality.—** — The term “aviation quality”, with respect to a part of an aircraft or space vehicle, means the quality of having been manufactured, constructed, produced, maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, reconditioned, or restored in conformity with applicable standards specified by law (including applicable regulations).
(3) **Destructive substance.—** — The term “destructive substance” means an explosive substance, flammable material, infernal machine, or other chemical, mechanical, or radioactive device or matter of a combustible, contaminative, corrosive, or explosive nature.
(4) **In flight.—** — The term “in flight” means—
(A) any time from the moment at which all the external doors of an aircraft are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; and
(B) in the case of a forced landing, until competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and the persons and property on board.
(5) **In service.—** — The term “in service” means—
(A) any time from the beginning of preflight preparation of an aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until 24 hours after any landing; and
(B) in any event includes the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight.
(6) **Motor vehicle.—** — The term “motor vehicle” means every description of carriage or other contrivance propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used for commercial purposes on the highways in the transportation of passengers, passengers and property, or property or cargo.
(7) **Part.—** — The term “part” means a frame, assembly, component, appliance, engine, propeller, material, part, spare part, piece, section, or related integral or auxiliary equipment.
(8) **Space vehicle.—** — The term “space vehicle” means a man-made device, either manned or unmanned, designed for operation beyond the Earth’s atmosphere.
(9) **State.—** — The term “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.
(10) **Used for commercial purposes.—** — The term “used for commercial purposes” means the carriage of persons or property for any fare, fee, rate, charge or other consideration, or directly or indirectly in connection with any business, or other undertaking intended for profit.
**(b) Terms Defined in Other Law.—** In this chapter, the terms “aircraft engine”, “air navigation facility”, “appliance”, “civil aircraft”, “foreign air commerce”, “interstate air commerce”, “landing area”, “overseas air commerce”, “propeller”, “spare part”, and “special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States” have the meanings given those terms in sections 40102(a) and 46501 of title 49.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Whoever willfully—
(1) sets fire to, damages, destroys, disables, or wrecks any aircraft in the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States or any civil aircraft used, operated, or employed in interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce;
(2) places or causes to be placed a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, or otherwise makes or causes to be made unworkable or unusable or hazardous to work or use, any such aircraft, or any part or other materials used or intended to be used in connection with the operation of such aircraft, if such placing or causing to be placed or such making or causing to be made is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft;
(3) sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables any air navigation facility, or interferes by force or violence with the operation of such facility, if such fire, damaging, destroying, disabling, or interfering is likely to endanger the safety of any such aircraft in flight;
(4) with the intent to damage, destroy, or disable any such aircraft, sets fire to, damages, destroys, or disables or places a destructive device or substance in, upon, or in proximity to, any appliance or structure, ramp, landing area, property, machine, or apparatus, or any facility or other material used, or intended to be used, in connection with the operation, maintenance, loading, unloading or storage of any such aircraft or any cargo carried or intended to be carried on any such aircraft;
(5) interferes with or disables, with intent to endanger the safety of any person or with a reckless disregard for the safety of human life, anyone engaged in the authorized operation of such aircraft or any air navigation facility aiding in the navigation of any such aircraft;
(6) performs an act of violence
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(1) The Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General, Associate Attorney General,11 See 1984 Amendment note below. or any Assistant Attorney General, any acting Assistant Attorney General, or any Deputy Assistant Attorney General or acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division or National Security Division specially designated by the Attorney General, may authorize an application to a Federal judge of competent jurisdiction for, and such judge may grant in conformity with section 2518 of this chapter an order authorizing or approving the interception of wire or oral communications by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a Federal agency having responsibility for the investigation of the offense as to which the application is made, when such interception may provide or has provided evidence of— (a) any offense punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year under sections 2122 and 2274 through 2277 of title 42 of the United States Code (relating to the enforcement of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954), [section 2284 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section2284&num=0&edition=prelim) of the United States Code (relating to sabotage of nuclear facilities or fuel), or under the following chapters of this title: chapter 10 (relating to biological weapons), chapter 37 (relating to espionage), chapter 55 (relating to kidnapping), chapter 90 (relating to protection of trade secrets), chapter 105 (relating to sabotage), chapter 115 (relating to treason), chapter 102 (relating to riots), chapter 65 (relating to malicious mischief), chapter 111 (relating to destruction of vessels), or chapter 81 (relating to piracy); (b) a violation of section 186 or [section 501(c) of title 29](https://uscode.house.gov/
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** The Federal Aviation Administration is an administration in the Department of Transportation.
**(b) Administration Leadership.—**
(1) **Administrator.—**
(A) *In general.—* — The head of the Administration is the Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(B) *Qualifications.—* — The Administrator shall—
(i) be a citizen of the United States;
(ii) not be an active duty member of the Armed Forces;
(iii) not have retired from the Armed Forces within the 7 years preceding nomination; and
(iv) have experience in organizational management and a field directly related to aviation.
(C) *Fitness.—* — In appointing an individual as Administrator, the President shall consider the fitness of such individual to carry out efficiently the duties and powers of the office.
(D) *Term of office.—* — The term of office for any individual appointed as Administrator shall be 5 years.
(E) *Reporting chain.—* — Except as provided in subsection (f) or in other provisions of law, the Administrator reports directly to the Secretary of Transportation.
(2) **Deputy administrator.—**
(A) *In general.—* — The Administrator has a Deputy Administrator, who shall be appointed by the President.
(B) *Qualifications.—* — The Deputy Administrator shall—
(i) be a citizen of the United States; and
(ii) have experience in organizational management and a field directly related to aviation.
(C) *Fitness.—* — In appointing an individual as Deputy Administrator, the President shall consider the fitness of the individual to carry out efficiently the duties and powers of the office, including the duty to act for the Administrator when the Administrator is absent or unable to s
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Offenses.—** Whoever, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, knowingly and with the intent to defraud—
(1)
(A) falsifies or conceals a material fact concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part;
(B) makes any materially fraudulent representation concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part; or
(C) makes or uses any materially false writing, entry, certification, document, record, data plate, label, or electronic communication concerning any aircraft or space vehicle part;
(2) exports from or imports or introduces into the United States, sells, trades, installs on or in any aircraft or space vehicle any aircraft or space vehicle part using or by means of a fraudulent representation, document, record, certification, depiction, data plate, label, or electronic communication; or
(3) attempts or conspires to commit an offense described in paragraph (1) or (2),
shall be punished as provided in subsection (b).
**(b) Penalties.—** The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) is as follows:
(1) **Aviation quality.—** — If the offense relates to the aviation quality of a part and the part is installed in an aircraft or space vehicle, a fine of not more than $500,000, imprisonment for not more than 15 years, or both.
(2) **Failure to operate as represented.—** — If, by reason of the failure of the part to operate as represented, the part to which the offense is related is the proximate cause of a malfunction or failure that results in serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365), a fine of not more than $1,000,000, imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both.
(3) **Failure resulting in death.—** — If, by reason of the failure of the part to operate as represented, the part to which the offense is related is the proximate cause of a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Coordination.—** The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration shall work with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies for the purpose of ensuring that technologies or systems that are developed, tested, or deployed by Federal departments and agencies to detect and mitigate potential risks posed by errant or hostile unmanned aircraft system operations do not adversely impact or interfere with safe airport operations, navigation, air traffic services, or the safe and efficient operation of the national airspace system.
**(b) Plan.—**
(1) **In general.—** — The Administrator shall develop a plan for the certification, permitting, authorizing, or allowing of the deployment of technologies or systems for the detection and mitigation of unmanned aircraft systems.
(2) **Contents.—** — The plan shall provide for the development of policies, procedures, or protocols that will allow appropriate officials of the Federal Aviation Administration to utilize such technologies or systems to take steps to detect and mitigate potential airspace safety risks posed by unmanned aircraft system operations.
(3) **Aviation rulemaking committee.—** — The Administrator shall charter an aviation rulemaking committee to make recommendations for such a plan and any standards that the Administrator determines may need to be developed with respect to such technologies or systems. The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) 11 See References in Text note below. shall not apply to an aviation rulemaking committee chartered under this paragraph.
(4) **Non-delegation.—** — The plan shall not delegate any authority granted to the Administrator under this section to other Federal, State, loc
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 20
TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
§ 31
Sec.
39B.
Unsafe operation of unmanned aircraft.
40.
Commercial motor vehicles required to stop
for inspections.
40A.
Operation of unauthorized unmanned aircraft
over wildfires.
Editorial Notes
AMENDMENTS
2018—Pub. L. 115–254, div. B, title III, §§ 382(b), 384(b),
Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3320, 3323, added items 39B and
40A.
2012—Pub. L. 112–95, title III, § 311(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126
Stat. 66, transferred item 39 to appear after item 38 and
added item 39A.
2008—Pub. L. 110–244, title III, § 301(j), June 6, 2008, 122
Stat. 1616, redesignated item 39 ‘‘Commercial motor ve-
hicles required to stop for inspections’’ as item 40.
2005—Pub. L. 109–59, title II, § 2018(b), title IV,
§ 4143(c)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1543, 1748, added item
39 ‘‘Commercial motor vehicles required to stop for in-
spections’’ and item 39 ‘‘Traffic signal preemption
transmitters’’.
2000—Pub. L. 106–181, title V, § 506(c)(2)(A), Apr. 5,
2000, 114 Stat. 139, added item 38.
1994—Pub. L. 103–322, title VI, §§ 60008(c), 60021(b),
Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1972, 1980, added items 36 and 37.
§ 31. Definitions
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this chapter, the fol-
lowing definitions apply:
(1) AIRCRAFT.—The term ‘‘aircraft’’ means a
civil, military, or public contrivance invented,
used, or designed to navigate, fly, or travel in
the air.
(2) AVIATION QUALITY.—The term ‘‘aviation
quality’’, with respect to a part of an aircraft
or space vehicle, means the quality of having
been manufactured, constructed, produced,
maintained, repaired, overhauled, rebuilt, re-
conditioned, or restored in conformity with
applicable standards specified by law (includ-
ing applicable regulations).
(3) DESTRUCTIVE SUBSTANCE.—The term ‘‘de-
structi
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