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34 U.S.C. § 12391 — Authorization of circuit studies; education and training grants
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Studies** In order to gain a better understanding of the nature and the extent of gender bias in the Federal courts, the circuit judicial councils are encouraged to conduct studies of the instances, if any, of gender bias in their respective circuits and to implement recommended reforms.
**(b) Matters for examination** The studies under subsection (a) may include an examination of the effects of gender on—
(1) the treatment of litigants, witnesses, attorneys, jurors, and judges in the courts, including before magistrate and bankruptcy judges;
(2) the interpretation and application of the law, both civil and criminal;
(3) treatment of defendants in criminal cases;
(4) treatment of victims of violent crimes in judicial proceedings;
(5) sentencing;
(6) sentencing alternatives and the nature of supervision of probation and parole;
(7) appointments to committees of the Judicial Conference and the courts;
(8) case management and court sponsored alternative dispute resolution programs;
(9) the selection, retention, promotion, and treatment of employees;
(10) appointment of arbitrators, experts, and special masters;
(11) the admissibility of the victim’s past sexual history in civil and criminal cases; and
(12) the aspects of the topics listed in [section 12372 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12372&num=0&edition=prelim) that pertain to issues within the jurisdiction of the Federal courts.
**(c) Clearinghouse** The Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall act as a clearinghouse to disseminate any reports and materials issued by the gender bias task forces under subsection (a) and to respond to requests for such reports and materials. The gender bias task forces shall provide the Adminis
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-34/section-12391-authorization-of-circuit-studies-education-and-training-grants--afad7c4d52.md
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Source location: Title 34, Chapter 121, § 12391; chapter-121-violent-crime-control-and-law-enforcement.md
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**(a) Studies** In order to gain a better understanding of the nature and the extent of gender bias in the Federal courts, the circuit judicial councils are encouraged to conduct studies of the instances, if any, of gender bias in their respective circuits and to implement recommended reforms.
**(b) Matters for examination** The studies under subsection (a) may include an examination of the effects of gender on—
(1) the treatment of litigants, witnesses, attorneys, jurors, and judges in the courts, including before magistrate and bankruptcy judges;
(2) the interpretation and application of the law, both civil and criminal;
(3) treatment of defendants in criminal cases;
(4) treatment of victims of violent crimes in judicial proceedings;
(5) sentencing;
(6) sentencing alternatives and the nature of supervision of probation and parole;
(7) appointments to committees of the Judicial Conference and the courts;
(8) case management and court sponsored alternative dispute resolution programs;
(9) the selection, retention, promotion, and treatment of employees;
(10) appointment of arbitrators, experts, and special masters;
(11) the admissibility of the victim’s past sexual history in civil and criminal cases; and
(12) the aspects of the topics listed in [section 12372 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12372&num=0&edition=prelim) that pertain to issues within the jurisdiction of the Federal courts.
**(c) Clearinghouse** The Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall act as a clearinghouse to disseminate any reports and materials issued by the gender bias task forces under subsection (a) and to respond to requests for such reports and materials. The gender bias task forces shall provide the Administrative Office of the Courts of the United States 11 So in original. Probably should be “Administrative Office of the United States Courts”. with their reports and related material.
**(d) Continuing education and training programs** The Federal Judicial Center, in carrying out [section 620(b)(3) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section620/b/3&num=0&edition=prelim), shall include in the educational programs it prepares, including the training programs for newly appointed judges, information on the aspects of the topics listed in [section 12372 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12372&num=0&edition=prelim) that pertain to issues within the jurisdiction of the Federal courts, and shall prepare materials necessary to implement this subsection.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The State Justice Institute may award grants for the purpose of developing, testing, presenting, and disseminating model programs to be used by States (as defined in [section 10701 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section10701&num=0&edition=prelim)) in training judges and court personnel in the laws of the States and by Indian tribes in training tribal judges and court personnel in the laws of the tribes on rape, sexual assault, domestic violence, dating violence, and other crimes of violence motivated by the victim’s gender. Nothing shall preclude the attendance of tribal judges and court personnel at programs funded under this section for States to train judges and court personnel on the laws of the States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section, Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, § 40414, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1944; Pub. L. 106–386, div. B, title IV, § 1406(a)(2), (c)(3), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1516, which authorized appropriations for fiscal years 2001 to 2005, was omitted as obsolete.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Codification
Section 14011 was editorially reclassified as [section 12391 of Title 34](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title34-section12391&num=0&edition=prelim), Crime Control and Law Enforcement.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 14012
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 362
TITLE 34—CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
§ 12373
1 So in original. Probably should be ‘‘Administrative Office of
the United States Courts’’.
1 See Codification note below.
AMENDMENTS
2000—Par. (10). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(d)(2)(A), inserted
‘‘and dating violence (as defined in section 3796gg–2 of
this title)’’ before the semicolon.
Par. (11). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(d)(2)(B), inserted ‘‘and
dating violence’’ after ‘‘domestic violence’’.
Par. (13). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(d)(2)(C), inserted ‘‘and
dating violence’’ after ‘‘domestic violence’’ in two
places.
Par. (17). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(d)(2)(D), inserted ‘‘or
dating violence’’ after ‘‘domestic violence’’ in two
places.
Par. (18). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(d)(2)(E), inserted ‘‘and
dating violence’’ after ‘‘domestic violence’’.
Pars. (20) to (22). Pub. L. 106–386, § 1406(a)(1), added
pars. (20) to (22).
§ 12373. Cooperation in developing programs in
making grants under this part
The State Justice Institute shall ensure that
model programs carried out pursuant to grants
made under this part are developed with the par-
ticipation of law enforcement officials, public
and private nonprofit victim advocates, includ-
ing national, State, tribal, and local domestic
violence and sexual assault programs and coali-
tions, legal experts, prosecutors, defense attor-
neys, and recognized experts on gender bias in
the courts.
(Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, § 40413, Sept. 13, 1994,
108 Stat. 1944; Pub. L. 106–386, div. B, title IV,
§ 1406(c)(1), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1516.)
Editorial Notes
CODIFICATION
Section was formerly classified to section 13993 of
Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to edi-
torial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
AMENDMENTS
2000—Pub. L. 10
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