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19 U.S.C. § 1801 — Statement of purposes
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The purposes of this chapter are, through trade agreements affording mutual trade benefits—
(1) to stimulate the economic growth of the United States and maintain and enlarge foreign markets for the products of United States agriculture, industry, mining, and commerce;
(2) to strengthen economic relations with foreign countries through the development of open and nondiscriminatory trading in the free world; and
(3) to prevent Communist economic penetration.
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-19/section-1801-statement-of-purposes--10da212382.md
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Source location: Title 19, Chapter 7, § 1801; chapter-007-trade-expansion-program.md
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The purposes of this chapter are, through trade agreements affording mutual trade benefits—
(1) to stimulate the economic growth of the United States and maintain and enlarge foreign markets for the products of United States agriculture, industry, mining, and commerce;
(2) to strengthen economic relations with foreign countries through the development of open and nondiscriminatory trading in the free world; and
(3) to prevent Communist economic penetration.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Deduction allowed** There shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year an amount equal to—
(1) in the case of a taxable year beginning before January 1, 2021, the aggregate of the net operating loss carryovers to such year, plus the net operating loss carrybacks to such year, and
(2) in the case of a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2020, the sum of—
(A) the aggregate amount of net operating losses arising in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, carried to such taxable year, plus
(B) the lesser of—
(i) the aggregate amount of net operating losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, carried to such taxable year, or
(ii) 80 percent of the excess (if any) of—
(I) taxable income computed without regard to the deductions under this section and sections 199A and 250, over
(II) the amount determined under subparagraph (A).
For purposes of this subtitle, the term “net operating loss deduction” means the deduction allowed by this subsection.
**(b) Net operating loss carrybacks and carryovers**
(1) **Years to which loss may be carried**
(A) *General rule* — A net operating loss for any taxable year—
(i) shall be a net operating loss carryback to the extent provided in subparagraphs (B), (C)(i), and (D), and
(ii) except as provided in subparagraph (C)(ii), shall be a net operating loss carryover—
(I) in the case of a net operating loss arising in a taxable year beginning before January 1, 2018, to each of the 20 taxable years following the taxable year of the loss, and
(II) in the case of a net operating loss arising in a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, to each taxable year following the taxable year of the loss.
(B) *Farming losses*
(i) *I
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 26 U.S.C. § 172
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Upon the convocation of a conference on the use or conservation of international fishery resources, the President shall, by all appropriate means at his disposal, seek to persuade countries whose domestic fishing practices or policies affect such resources, to engage in negotiations in good faith relating to the use or conservation of such resources. If, after such efforts by the President and by other countries which have agreed to engage in such negotiations, any other country whose conservation practices or policies affect the interests of the United States and such other countries, has, in the judgment of the President, failed or refused to engage in such negotiations in good faith, the President may, if he is satisfied that such action is likely to be effective in inducing such country to engage in such negotiations in good faith, increase the rate of duty on any fish (in any form) which is the product of such country, for such time as he deems necessary, to a rate not more than 50 percent above the rate existing on July 1, 1934.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1323
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
#### Publication of Harmonized Tariff Schedule
The Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States is not published in the Code. A current version of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule is maintained and published periodically by the United States International Trade Commission and is available at their website and for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
#### Reference to Tariff Schedules To Be Treated as Reference to Harmonized Tariff Schedule
Reference in any law to “Tariff Schedules of the United States”, “the Tariff Schedules”, “such Schedules”, and any other general reference to the old Schedules to be treated as reference to Harmonized Tariff Schedule, see [section 3012 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section3012&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1202
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
This chapter may be cited as the “Trade Act of 1974”.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2111
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** In any negotiation seeking an agreement under [section 2133 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2133&num=0&edition=prelim) or [section 4202 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section4202&num=0&edition=prelim), the President may make a formal offer for the modification or continuance of any United States duty, import restrictions, or barriers to (or other distortions of) international trade, the continuance of United States duty-free or excise treatment, or the imposition of additional duties, import restrictions, or other barrier to (or other distortion of) international trade including trade in services, foreign direct investment and intellectual property as covered by this subchapter, with respect to any article or matter only after he has received a summary of the hearings at which an opportunity to be heard with respect to such article has been afforded under [section 2153 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2153&num=0&edition=prelim). In addition, the President may make an offer for the modification or continuance of any United States duty, the continuance of United States duty-free or excise treatment, or the imposition of additional duties, with respect to any article included in a list published and furnished under [section 2151(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2151/a&num=0&edition=prelim), only after he has received advice concerning such article from the Commission under [section 2151(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2151/b&num=0&edition=prelim), or after the expiration of the
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 2171
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
### Statutory Notes
Section, Pub. L. 96–72, § 2, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503; Pub. L. 99–64, title I, § 102, July 12, 1985, 99 Stat. 120; Pub. L. 103–199, title II, § 201(a), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2320, set forth Congressional findings with respect to the Export Administration Act of 1979.
Section was formerly classified to section 2401 of the former Appendix to this title prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
A prior section 2401 of the former Appendix to this title, Pub. L. 91–184, § 2, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 841; Pub. L. 92–412, title I, § 102, Aug. 29, 1972, 86 Stat. 644; Pub. L. 93–500, § 4(a), Oct. 29, 1974, 88 Stat. 1553, set forth findings of Congress with respect to the Export Administration Act of 1969, prior to the expiration of Pub. L. 91–184 on Sept. 30, 1979.
#### Short Title of 1985 Amendment
Pub. L. 99–64, § 1, July 12, 1985, 99 Stat. 120, provided that: “Titles I and II of this Act [enacting sections 4051 to 4053 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, [section 1864 of Title 19](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1864&num=0&edition=prelim), Customs Duties, and [section 466c of Title 46](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title46-section466c&num=0&edition=prelim), Appendix, Shipping, amending this section and sections 4602 to 4606, 4609, 4610, 4614, 4615 to 4620, and 4622 of this title, sections 5314 and 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 2304 and 2778 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and [section 185 of Title 30](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title30-section185&num=0&edition=prelim), Mineral Lands and Mining, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 4604, 4605, and
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 50 U.S.C. § 4601
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Authority of President; modification and decrease of duties; altering import restrictions**
(1) For the purpose of expanding foreign markets for the products of the United States (as a means of assisting in establishing and maintaining a better relationship among various branches of American agriculture, industry, mining, and commerce) by regulating the admission of foreign goods into the United States in accordance with the characteristics and needs of various branches of American production so that foreign markets will be made available to those branches of American production which require and are capable of developing such outlets by affording corresponding market opportunities for foreign products in the United States, the President, whenever he finds as a fact that any existing duties or other import restrictions of the United States or any foreign country are unduly burdening and restricting the foreign trade of the United States and that the purpose above declared will be promoted by the means hereinafter specified, is authorized from time to time—
(A) To enter into foreign trade agreements with foreign governments or instrumentalities thereof: Provided, That the enactment of the Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1955 shall not be construed to determine or indicate the approval or disapproval by the Congress of the executive agreement known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
(B) To proclaim such modifications of existing duties and other import restrictions, or such additional import restrictions, or such continuance, and for such minimum periods, of existing customs or excise treatment of any article covered by foreign trade agreements, as are required or appropriate to carry out any foreign trade agreement that the President has entere
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1351
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Application to importation of articles under foreign-trade agreement** The provisions of [section 1336 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1336&num=0&edition=prelim) shall not apply to any article with respect to the importation of which into the United States a foreign-trade agreement has been concluded pursuant to this part or the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 [[19 U.S.C. 1801](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1801&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] or the Trade Act of 1974 [[19 U.S.C. 2101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section2101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] or to any provision of any such agreement. The third paragraph of [section 1311 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1311&num=0&edition=prelim) shall apply to any agreement concluded pursuant to this part or the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 or the Trade Act of 1974 to the extent only that such agreement assures to the United States a rate of duty on wheat flour produced in the United States which is preferential in respect to the lowest rate of duty imposed by the country with which such agreement has been concluded on like flour produced in any other country; and upon the withdrawal of wheat flour from bonded manufacturing warehouses for exportation to the country with which such agreement has been concluded, there shall be levied, collected, and paid on the imported wheat used, a duty equal to the amount of such assured preference.
**(b) Termination of foreign trade agreement** Every foreign trade agreement concluded pursuant to this part shall be subject to termination, upon due notice to the foreign government concern
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1352
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this chapter—
(1) Repealed. Pub. L. 93–618, title VI, § 602(d), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2072.
(2) The term “duty or other import restriction” includes (A) the rate and form of an import duty, and (B) a limitation, prohibition, charge, and exaction other than duty, imposed on importation or imposed for the regulation of imports.
(3) to (5) Repealed. Pub. L. 93–618, title VI, § 602(d), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2072.
(6) The term “modification”, as applied to any duty or other import restriction, includes the elimination of any duty.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1806
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Determination by President; trade agreements; modification or continuance of existing duties** Whenever the president determines that any existing duties or other import restrictions of any foreign country or the United States are unduly burdening and restricting the foreign trade of the United States and that any of the purposes stated in [section 1801 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title19-section1801&num=0&edition=prelim) will be promoted thereby, the President may—
(1) after June 30, 1962, and before July 1, 1967, enter into trade agreements with foreign countries or instrumentalities thereof; and
(2) proclaim such modification or continuance of any existing duty or other import restriction, such continuance of existing duty-free or excise treatment, or such additional import restrictions, as he determines to be required or appropriate to carry out any such trade agreement.
**(b) Restrictions on decrease or increase in rate of duty** Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, no proclamation pursuant to subsection (a) shall be made—
(1) decreasing any rate of duty to a rate below 50 percent of the rate existing on July 1, 1962; or
(2) increasing any rate of duty to (or imposing) a rate more than 50 percent above the rate existing on July 1, 1934.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 19 U.S.C. § 1821
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