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22 U.S.C. § 2373 — Eastern Mediterranean policy requirements
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Congressional declaration and statement of findings** The Congress declares that the achievement of a just and lasting Cyprus settlement is and will remain a central objective of United States foreign policy. The Congress further declares that any action of the United States with respect to section 2370(x) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title shall not signify a lessening of the United States commitment to a just solution to the conflict on Cyprus but is authorized in the expectation that this action will be conducive to achievement of a Cyprus solution and a general improvement in relations among Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus and between those countries and the United States. The Congress finds that—
(1) a just settlement on Cyprus must involve the establishment of a free and independent government on Cyprus and must guarantee that the human rights of all of the people of Cyprus are fully protected;
(2) a just settlement on Cyprus must include the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus;
(3) the guidelines for inter-communal talks agreed to in Nicosia in February 1977 and the United Nations resolutions regarding Cyprus provide a sound basis for negotiation of a just settlement on Cyprus;
(4) serious negotiations, under United Nations auspices, will be necessary to achieve agreement on, and implementation of, constitutional and territorial terms within such guidelines; and
(5) the recent proposals by both Cypriot communities regarding the return of the refugees to the city of New Famagusta (Varosha) constitute a positive step and the United States should actively support the efforts of the Secretary General of the United Nations with respect to this issue.
**(b) Governing principles** United States policy regarding Cyprus, Greece, and T
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Source location: Title 22, Chapter 32, § 2373; chapter-032-foreign-assistance.md
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**(a) Congressional declaration and statement of findings** The Congress declares that the achievement of a just and lasting Cyprus settlement is and will remain a central objective of United States foreign policy. The Congress further declares that any action of the United States with respect to section 2370(x) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title shall not signify a lessening of the United States commitment to a just solution to the conflict on Cyprus but is authorized in the expectation that this action will be conducive to achievement of a Cyprus solution and a general improvement in relations among Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus and between those countries and the United States. The Congress finds that—
(1) a just settlement on Cyprus must involve the establishment of a free and independent government on Cyprus and must guarantee that the human rights of all of the people of Cyprus are fully protected;
(2) a just settlement on Cyprus must include the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus;
(3) the guidelines for inter-communal talks agreed to in Nicosia in February 1977 and the United Nations resolutions regarding Cyprus provide a sound basis for negotiation of a just settlement on Cyprus;
(4) serious negotiations, under United Nations auspices, will be necessary to achieve agreement on, and implementation of, constitutional and territorial terms within such guidelines; and
(5) the recent proposals by both Cypriot communities regarding the return of the refugees to the city of New Famagusta (Varosha) constitute a positive step and the United States should actively support the efforts of the Secretary General of the United Nations with respect to this issue.
**(b) Governing principles** United States policy regarding Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey shall be directed toward the restoration of a stable and peaceful atmosphere in the Eastern Mediterranean region and shall therefore be governed by the following principles:
(1) The United States shall actively support the resolution of differences through negotiations and internationally established peaceful procedures, shall encourage all parties to avoid provocative actions, and shall strongly oppose any attempt to resolve disputes through force or threat of force.
(2) The United States will accord full support and high priority to efforts, particularly those of the United Nations, to bring about a prompt, peaceful settlement on Cyprus.
(3) All defense articles furnished by the United States to countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region will be used only in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2751](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2751&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], and the agreements under which those defense articles were furnished.
(4) The United States will furnish security assistance for Greece and Turkey only when furnishing that assistance is intended solely for defensive purposes, including when necessary to enable the recipient country to fulfill its responsibilities as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and shall be designed to ensure that the present balance of military strength among countries of the region, including between Greece and Turkey, is preserved. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit the transfer of defense articles to Greece or Turkey for legitimate self defense or to enable Greece or Turkey to fulfill their North Atlantic Treaty Organization obligations.
(5) The United States shall use its influence to ensure the continuation of the ceasefire on Cyprus until an equitable negotiated settlement is reached.
(6) The United States shall use its influence to achieve the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus in the context of a solution to the Cyprus problem.
**(c) Review of policy; report to Congress** Because progress toward a Cyprus settlement is a high priority of United States policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, the President and the Congress shall continually review that progress and shall determine United States policy in the region accordingly. To facilitate such a review the President shall, within 60 days after the date of enactment of this section and at the end of each succeeding 60-day period, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on progress made toward the conclusion of a negotiated solution of the Cyprus problem. Such transmissions shall include any relevant reports prepared by the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Security Council.
**(d) Certification by President to Congress of assistance to Greece and Turkey** In order to ensure that United States assistance is furnished consistent with the policies established in this section, the President shall, whenever requesting any funds for security assistance under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2751](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2751&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.] for Greece and Turkey, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate his certification, with a full explanation thereof, that the furnishing of such assistance will be consistent with the principles set forth in subsection (b). The President shall also submit such a certification with any notification to the Congress, pursuant to section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2776(b)](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2776/b&num=0&edition=prelim)], of a proposed sale of defense articles or services to Greece or Turkey.
**(e) Arms sales agreements to prohibit transfer to Cyprus**
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), any agreement for the sale or provision of any article on the United States Munitions List (established pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [[22 U.S.C. 2778](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2778&num=0&edition=prelim)]) entered into by the United States after December 22, 1987, shall expressly state that the article is being provided by the United States only with the understanding that it will not be transferred to Cyprus or otherwise used to further the severance or division of Cyprus.
(2) The President shall report to Congress any substantial evidence that equipment provided under any such agreement has been used in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this subsection.
(3) The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to any sale or other provision of any defense article or defense service to Cyprus if the end-user of such defense article or defense service is the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Determination that certain entities are subject to sanctions** The Secretary of the Treasury may determine that a person meets one or more of the criteria in section 1(a) of Executive Order No. 13662 if that person is a state-owned entity operating in the railway or metals and mining sector of the economy of the Russian Federation.
**(b) Modification of Directive 1 with respect to the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy** Not later than 60 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of the Treasury shall modify Directive 1 (as amended), dated September 12, 2014, issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control under Executive Order No. 13662, or any successor directive (which shall be effective beginning on the date that is 60 days after the date of such modification), to ensure that the directive prohibits the conduct by United States persons or persons within the United States of all transactions in, provision of financing for, and other dealings in new debt of longer than 14 days maturity or new equity of persons determined to be subject to the directive, their property, or their interests in property.
**(c) Modification of Directive 2 with respect to the energy sector of the Russian Federation economy** Not later than 60 days after August 2, 2017, the Secretary of the Treasury shall modify Directive 2 (as amended), dated September 12, 2014, issued by the Office of Foreign Assets Control under Executive Order No. 13662, or any successor directive (which shall be effective beginning on the date that is 60 days after the date of such modification), to ensure that the directive prohibits the conduct by United States persons or persons within the United States of all transactions in, provision of financing for, and other dealings in new debt of
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
(a) United States development cooperation policy
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Cuba; embargo on all trade**
(1) No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to the present government of Cuba. As an additional means of implementing and carrying into effect the policy of the preceding sentence, the President is authorized to establish and maintain a total embargo upon all trade between the United States and Cuba.
(2) Except as may be deemed necessary by the President in the interest of the United States, no assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to any government of Cuba, nor shall Cuba be entitled to receive any quota authorizing the importation of Cuban sugar into the United States or to receive any other benefit under any law of the United States, until the President determines that such government has taken appropriate steps according to international law standards to return to United States citizens, and to entities not less than 50 per centum beneficially owned by United States citizens, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for property taken from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959, by the Government of Cuba.
**(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560**
**(c) Indebtedness of foreign country to United States citizen or person** No assistance shall be provided under this chapter to the government of any country which is indebted to any United States citizen or person for goods or services furnished or ordered where (i) such citizen or person has exhausted available legal remedies, which shall include arbitration, or (ii) the debt is not denied or contested by such government, or (iii) such indebtedness arises under an unconditional guaranty of payment given by such government, or any predecessor government, directly or indirectl
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Presidential control of exports and imports of defense articles and services, guidance of policy, etc.; designation of United States Munitions List; issuance of export licenses; negotiations information**
(1) In furtherance of world peace and the security and foreign policy of the United States, the President is authorized to control the import and the export of defense articles and defense services and to provide foreign policy guidance to persons of the United States involved in the export and import of such articles and services. The President is authorized to designate those items which shall be considered as defense articles and defense services for the purposes of this section and to promulgate regulations for the import and export of such articles and services. The items so designated shall constitute the United States Munitions List.
(2) Decisions on issuing export licenses under this section shall take into account whether the export of an article would contribute to an arms race, aid in the development of weapons of mass destruction, support international terrorism, increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict, or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control or nonproliferation agreements or other arrangements.
(3) In exercising the authorities conferred by this section, the President may require that any defense article or defense service be sold under this chapter as a condition of its eligibility for export, and may require that persons engaged in the negotiation for the export of defense articles and services keep the President fully and currently informed of the progress and future prospects of such negotiations.
**(b) Registration and licensing requirements for manufacturers, exporters, or importers of d
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
There is hereby authorized to be appropriated annually to the Department of State, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated such sums as may be necessary for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Conference of the Organization in accordance with article IX of the constitution of the Organization, and such additional sums as may be necessary to pay the expenses of participation by the United States in the activities of the Organization, including: (a) salaries of the representatives provided for in [section 287n of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section287n&num=0&edition=prelim), of their appropriate staffs, and of members of the secretariat of the National Commission provided for in section 287o of this title, including personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere, without regard to the civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5; (b) travel expenses without regard to the Standardized Government Travel Regulations, as amended, the Subsistence Expense Act of 1926, as amended, and [section 5731 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5731&num=0&edition=prelim), and, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of State may prescribe, travel expenses of families and transportation of effects of United States representatives and other personnel in going to and returning from their post of duty; (c) allowances for living quarters, including heat, fuel, and light, as authorized by [section 5912 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5912&num=0&edition=prelim); (d) cost of living allowances
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As declared by the Congress in the Arms Control and Disarmament Act [[22 U.S.C. 2551](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2551&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.], an ultimate goal of the United States continues to be a world which is free from the scourge of war and the dangers and burdens of armaments; in which the use of force has been subordinated to the rule of law; and in which international adjustments to a changing world are achieved peacefully. In furtherance of that goal, it remains the policy of the United States to encourage regional arms control and disarmament agreements and to discourage arms races.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The President of the United States is authorized to designate and empower the head of any department or agency in the executive branch, or any official thereof who is required to be appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to perform without approval, ratification, or other action by the President (1) any function which is vested in the President by law, or (2) any function which such officer is required or authorized by law to perform only with or subject to the approval, ratification, or other action of the President: Provided, That nothing contained herein shall relieve the President of his responsibility in office for the acts of any such head or other official designated by him to perform such functions. Such designation and authorization shall be in writing, shall be published in the Federal Register, shall be subject to such terms, conditions, and limitations as the President may deem advisable, and shall be revocable at any time by the President in whole or in part.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Authorization** The President is authorized to transfer excess defense articles under this section to countries for which receipt of such articles was justified pursuant to the annual congressional presentation documents for military assistance programs, or for programs under part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter, submitted under [section 2394 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2394&num=0&edition=prelim), or for which receipt of such articles was separately justified to the Congress, for the fiscal year in which the transfer is authorized.
**(b) Limitations on transfers**
(1) The President may transfer excess defense articles under this section only if—
(A) such articles are drawn from existing stocks of the Department of Defense;
(B) funds available to the Department of Defense for the procurement of defense equipment are not expended in connection with the transfer;
(C) the transfer of such articles will not have an adverse impact on the military readiness of the United States;
(D) with respect to a proposed transfer of such articles on a grant basis, such a transfer is preferable to a transfer on a sales basis, after taking into account the potential proceeds from, and likelihood of, such sales, and the comparative foreign policy benefits that may accrue to the United States as the result of a transfer on either a grant or sales basis;
(E) the President determines that the transfer of such articles will not have an adverse impact on the national technology and industrial base and, particularly, will not reduce the opportunities of entities in the national technology and industrial base to sell new or used equipment to the countries to which such articles are transferred; and
(F) the
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) General authority** The President may transfer to any NATO/CFE country, in accordance with NATO plans, defense articles—
(1) that are battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, or artillery included within the CFE Treaty’s definition of “conventional armaments and equipment limited by the Treaty”;
(2) that were, as of the date of signature of the CFE Treaty, in the stocks of the Department of Defense and located in the CFE Treaty’s area of application; and
(3) that the President determines are not needed by United States military forces within the CFE Treaty’s area of application.
**(b) Acceptance of NATO assistance in eliminating direct costs of transfers** In order to eliminate direct costs of facilitating transfers of defense articles under subsection (a), the United States may utilize services provided by NATO or any NATO/CFE country, including inspection, repair, or transportation services with respect to defense articles so transferred.
**(c) Acceptance of NATO assistance in meeting certain United States obligations** In order to facilitate United States compliance with the CFE Treaty-mandated obligations for destruction of conventional armaments and equipment limited by the CFE Treaty, the United States may utilize services or funds provided by NATO or any NATO/CFE country.
**(d) Authority to transfer on grant basis** Defense articles may be transferred under subsection (a) without cost to the recipient country.
**(e) Third country transfers restrictions** For purposes of sections 2753(a)(2), 2753(a)(3), 2753(c), and 2753(d) of this title, defense articles transferred under subsection (a) shall be deemed to have been sold under this chapter.
**(f) Maintenance of military balance in Eastern Mediterranean** The President shall ensure that transfers by th
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 864
TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE
§ 2373
1 See References in Text note below.
replacement license) does not change signifi-
cantly any such license as initially issued.
(Pub. L. 95–240, title II, § 210, Mar. 7, 1978, 92 Stat.
118.)
Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 2372 of this title, referred to in text, was in
the original ‘‘Section 11 of Public Law 95–92’’, meaning
section 11 of Pub. L. 95–92, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 619,
which added section 620B of Pub. L. 87–195. Section 620B
of Pub. L. 87–195 was classified to section 2372 of this
title and was repealed by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII,
§ 725(a), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1553.
CODIFICATION
Section was enacted as part of the Supplemental Ap-
propriations Act, 1978, and not as part of the Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
§ 2373. Eastern Mediterranean policy require-
ments
(a) Congressional declaration and statement of
findings
The Congress declares that the achievement of
a just and lasting Cyprus settlement is and will
remain a central objective of United States for-
eign policy. The Congress further declares that
any action of the United States with respect to
section 2370(x) 1 of this title shall not signify a
lessening of the United States commitment to a
just solution to the conflict on Cyprus but is au-
thorized in the expectation that this action will
be conducive to achievement of a Cyprus solu-
tion and a general improvement in relations
among Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus and between
those countries and the United States. The Con-
gress finds that—
(1) a just settlement on Cyprus must involve
the establishment of a free and independent
government on Cyprus and must guarantee
that the human rights of all of the people of
Cyprus are
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 22 U.S.C. § 2373
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