22 U.S.C. § 2373 — Eastern Mediterranean policy require-

Page 864 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2373 1 See References in Text note below. replacement license) does not change signifi- cantly any such license as initially issued. (Pub. L. 95–240, title II, § 210, Mar. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 118.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 2372 of this title, referred to in text, was in the original ‘‘Section 11 of Public Law 95–92’’, meaning section 11 of Pub. L. 95–92, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 619, which added section 620B of Pub. L. 87–195. Section 620B of Pub. L. 87–195 was classified to section 2372 of this title and was repealed by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 725(a), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1553. CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Supplemental Ap- propriations Act, 1978, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. § 2373. Eastern Mediterranean policy require- ments (a) Congressional declaration and statement of findings The Congress declares that the achievement of a just and lasting Cyprus settlement is and will remain a central objective of United States for- eign policy. The Congress further declares that any action of the United States with respect to section 2370(x) 1 of this title shall not signify a lessening of the United States commitment to a just solution to the conflict on Cyprus but is au- thorized in the expectation that this action will be conducive to achievement of a Cyprus solu- tion and a general improvement in relations among Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus and between those countries and the United States. The Con- gress finds that— (1) a just settlement on Cyprus must involve the establishment of a free and independent government on Cyprus and must guarantee that the human rights of all of the people of Cyprus are fully protected; (2) a just settlement on Cyprus must include the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus; (3) the guidelines for inter-communal talks agreed to in Nicosia in February 1977 and the United Nations resolutions regarding Cyprus provide a sound basis for negotiation of a just settlement on Cyprus; (4) serious negotiations, under United Na- tions auspices, will be necessary to achieve agreement on, and implementation of, con- stitutional and territorial terms within such guidelines; and (5) the recent proposals by both Cypriot communities regarding the return of the refu- gees to the city of New Famagusta (Varosha) constitute a positive step and the United States should actively support the efforts of the Secretary General of the United Nations with respect to this issue. (b) Governing principles United States policy regarding Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey shall be directed toward the restoration of a stable and peaceful atmosphere in the Eastern Mediterranean region and shall therefore be governed by the following prin- ciples: (1) The United States shall actively support the resolution of differences through negotia- tions and internationally established peaceful procedures, shall encourage all parties to avoid provocative actions, and shall strongly oppose any attempt to resolve disputes through force or threat of force. (2) The United States will accord full sup- port and high priority to efforts, particularly those of the United Nations, to bring about a prompt, peaceful settlement on Cyprus. (3) All defense articles furnished by the United States to countries in the Eastern Med- iterranean region will be used only in accord- ance with the requirements of this chapter, the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], and the agreements under which those defense articles were furnished. (4) The United States will furnish security assistance for Greece and Turkey only when furnishing that assistance is intended solely for defensive purposes, including when nec- essary to enable the recipient country to ful- fill its responsibilities as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and shall be designed to ensure that the present balance of military strength among countries of the region, including between Greece and Turkey, is preserved. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit the transfer of de- fense articles to Greece or Turkey for legiti- mate self defense or to enable Greece or Tur- key to fulfill their North Atlantic Treaty Or- ganization obligations. (5) The United States shall use its influence to ensure the continuation of the ceasefire on Cyprus until an equitable negotiated settle- ment is reached. (6) The United States shall use its influence to achieve the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus in the context of a solution to the Cyprus problem. (c) Review of policy; report to Congress Because progress toward a Cyprus settlement is a high priority of United States policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, the President and the Congress shall continually review that progress and shall determine United States policy in the region accordingly. To facilitate such a review the President shall, within 60 days after the date of enactment of this section and at the end of each succeeding 60-day period, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions of the Senate a report on progress made toward the conclusion of a negotiated solution of the Cyprus problem. Such transmissions shall include any relevant reports prepared by the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Security Council. (d) Certification by President to Congress of as- sistance to Greece and Turkey In order to ensure that United States assist- ance is furnished consistent with the policies es- tablished in this section, the President shall, whenever requesting any funds for security as- sistance under this chapter or the Arms Export Page 865 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2373 Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] for Greece and Turkey, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Sen- ate his certification, with a full explanation thereof, that the furnishing of such assistance will be consistent with the principles set forth in subsection (b). The President shall also sub- mit such a certification with any notification to the Congress, pursuant to section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2776(b)], of a proposed sale of defense articles or services to Greece or Turkey. (e) Arms sales agreements to prohibit transfer to Cyprus (1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), any agreement for the sale or provision of any arti- cle on the United States Munitions List (estab- lished pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2778]) entered into by the United States after December 22, 1987, shall ex- pressly state that the article is being provided by the United States only with the under- standing that it will not be transferred to Cy- prus or otherwise used to further the severance or division of Cyprus. (2) The President shall report to Congress any substantial evidence that equipment provided under any such agreement has been used in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this subsection. (3) The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to any sale or other provision of any defense article or defense service to Cyprus if the end-user of such defense article or defense service is the Government of the Republic of Cy- prus. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 620C, as added Pub. L. 95–384, § 13(b), Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 737; amend- ed Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 562], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–171; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XII, § 1250A(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1665; Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title II, § 205(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3052.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 2370(x) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was omitted. See Codification note set out under sec- tion 2370 of this title. This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (d), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (d), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§ 2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under sec- tion 2751 of this title and Tables. PRIOR PROVISIONS Provisions similar to those in subsec. (e) of this sec- tion were contained in the following appropriation acts: Pub. L. 102–391, title V, § 557, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1676. Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 560, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2026. Pub. L. 101–167, title V, § 570, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1245. Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 579, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–48. AMENDMENTS 2019—Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 116–92, § 1250A(b)(1), and Pub. L. 116–94, § 205(b)(1), made identical amendments, substituting ‘‘Except as provided in paragraph (3), any agreement’’ for ‘‘Any agreement’’. Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 116–92, § 1250A(b)(2), and Pub. L. 116–94, § 205(b)(2), made identical amendments, adding par. (3). 1987—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–202 added subsec. (e). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SECURITY AND ENERGY PARTNERSHIP Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XIII, § 1312, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2000, provided that: ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—To the maximum extent feasible, amounts appropriated or otherwise made available for the European Recapitalization Incentive Program should be considered for Greece as appropriate to assist the country in meeting its defense needs and transitioning away from Russian-produced military equipment. ‘‘(b) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2021], the Sec- retary of State shall submit to the appropriate congres- sional committees a report that provides a full ac- counting of all funds distributed under the European Recapitalization Incentive Program, including— ‘‘(1) identification of each recipient country; ‘‘(2) a description of how the funds were used; and ‘‘(3) an accounting of remaining equipment in re- cipient countries that was provided by the then-So- viet Union or Russian Federation.’’ [For definition of ‘‘appropriate congressional com- mittees’’ as used in section 1312 of Pub. L. 117–81, set out above, see section 1317 of Pub. L. 117–81, set out below.] Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title II, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3048, provided that: ‘‘SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE. ‘‘This title may be cited as the ‘Eastern Mediterra- nean Security and Energy Partnership Act of 2019’. ‘‘SEC. 202. FINDINGS. ‘‘Congress makes the following findings: ‘‘(1) The security of partners and allies in the East- ern Mediterranean region is critical to the security of the United States and Europe. ‘‘(2) Greece is a valuable member of the North At- lantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and a key pillar of stability in the Eastern Mediterranean. ‘‘(3) Israel is a steadfast ally of the United States and has been designated a ‘major non-NATO ally’ and ‘major strategic partner’. ‘‘(4) Cyprus is a key strategic partner and signed a Statement of Intent with the United States on No- vember 6, 2018, to enhance bilateral security coopera- tion. ‘‘(5) The countries of Greece, Cyprus, and Israel have participated in critical trilateral summits to improve cooperation on energy and security issues. ‘‘(6) Secretary of State Mike Pompeo participated in the trilateral summit among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus on March 20, 2019. ‘‘(7) The United States, Israel, Greece, and Cyprus oppose any action in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea that could challenge stability, vio- late international law, or undermine good neighborly relations, and in a joint declaration on March 21, 2019, agreed to ‘defend against external malign influences in the Eastern Mediterranean and the broader Middle East’. ‘‘(8) The recent discovery of what may be the re- gion’s largest natural gas field off the Egyptian coast Page 866 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2373 and the newest discoveries of natural gas off the coast of Cyprus could represent a significant and positive development for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, enhancing the region’s strategic energy significance. ‘‘(9) It is in the national security interest of the United States to promote, achieve, and maintain en- ergy security among, and through cooperation with, allies. ‘‘(10) Natural gas developments in the Eastern Med- iterranean have the potential to provide economic gains and contribute to energy security in the region and Europe, as well as support European efforts to di- versify away from natural gas supplied by the Rus- sian Federation. ‘‘(11) The soon to be completed Trans Adriatic Pipe- line is a critical component of the Southern Gas Cor- ridor and the European Union’s efforts to diversify energy resources. ‘‘(12) The proposed Eastern Mediterranean pipeline, if commercially viable, would provide for energy di- versification in accordance with the European Union’s third energy package of reforms. ‘‘(13) The United States acknowledges the achieve- ments and importance of the Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation (BIRD) and the United States-Israel Binational Science Founda- tion (BSF) and supports continued multiyear funding to ensure the continuity of the programs of the Foun- dations. ‘‘(14) The United States has welcomed Greece’s allo- cation of 2 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) to defense in accordance with commitments made at the 2014 NATO Summit in Wales. ‘‘(15) Energy exploration in the Eastern Mediterra- nean region must be safeguarded against threats posed by terrorist and extremist groups, including Hezbollah and any other actor in the region. ‘‘(16) The energy exploration in the Republic of Cy- prus’s Exclusive Economic Zone and territorial wa- ters— ‘‘(A) furthers United States interests by providing a potential alternative to Russian gas for United States allies and partners; and ‘‘(B) should not be impeded by other sovereign states. ‘‘(17) The United States Government cooperates closely with Cyprus, Greece, and Israel through infor- mation sharing agreements. ‘‘(18) United States officials have assisted the Gov- ernment of the Republic of Cyprus with crafting that nation’s national security strategy. ‘‘(19) The United States Government provides train- ing to Cypriot officials in areas such as cybersecurity, counterterrorism, and explosive ord- nance disposal and stockpile management. ‘‘(20) Israel, Greece, and Cyprus are valued members of the Proliferation Security Initiative to combat the trafficking of weapons of mass destruction. ‘‘(21) The Republic of Cyprus continues to work closely with the United Nations and regional partners in Europe to combat terrorism and violent extre- mism. ‘‘(22) Despite robust economic and security rela- tions with the United States, the Republic of Cyprus has been subject to a United States prohibition on the export of defense articles and services since 1987. ‘‘(23) The 1987 arms prohibition was designed to re- strict United States arms sales and transfers to the Republic of Cyprus and the occupied part of Cyprus to avoid hindering reunification efforts. ‘‘(24) At least 40,000 Turkish troops are stationed in the occupied part of Cyprus with some weapons pro- cured from the United States through mainland Tur- key. ‘‘(25) While the United States has, as a matter of policy, avoided the provision of defense articles and services to the Republic of Cyprus, the Government of Cyprus has, in the past, sought to obtain defense articles from other countries, including countries, such as Russia, that pose challenges to United States interests around the world. ‘‘SEC. 203. STATEMENT OF POLICY. ‘‘It is the policy of the United States— ‘‘(1) to continue to actively participate in the tri- lateral dialogue on energy, maritime security, cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastruc- ture conducted among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; ‘‘(2) to support diplomatic efforts with partners and allies to deepen energy security cooperation among Greece, Cyprus, and Israel and to encourage the pri- vate sector to make investments in energy infra- structure in the Eastern Mediterranean region; ‘‘(3) to strongly support the completion of the Trans Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean Pipelines and the establishment of liquified natural gas (LNG) terminals across the Eastern Mediterranean as a means of diversifying regional energy needs away from the Russian Federation; ‘‘(4) to maintain a robust United States naval pres- ence and investments in the naval facility at Souda Bay, Greece and develop deeper security cooperation with Greece to include the recent MQ–9 deployments to the Larissa Air Force Base and United States Army helicopter training in central Greece; ‘‘(5) to welcome Greece’s commitment to move for- ward with the Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria (IGB pipeline) and additional LNG terminals that will help facilitate delivery of non-Russian gas to the Balkans and central Europe; ‘‘(6) to support deepened security cooperation with the Republic of Cyprus through the removal of the arms embargo on the country; ‘‘(7) to support robust International Military Edu- cation and Training (IMET) programming with Greece and the Republic of Cyprus; ‘‘(8) to leverage relationships within the European Union to encourage investments in Cypriot border and maritime security; ‘‘(9) to support efforts to counter Russian Federa- tion interference and influence in the Eastern Medi- terranean through increased security cooperation with Greece, Cyprus, and Israel, to include intel- ligence sharing, cyber, and maritime domain aware- ness; ‘‘(10) to support the Republic of Cyprus’ efforts to regulate its banking industry to ensure that it is not used as a source of international money laundering and encourage additional measures toward that end; ‘‘(11) to strongly oppose any actions that would trigger mandatory sanctions pursuant to section 231 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) (Public Law 115–44) [22 U.S.C. 9525], to include the purchase of military equipment from the Russian Federation; ‘‘(12) to continue robust official strategic engage- ment with Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; ‘‘(13) to urge countries in the region to deny port services to Russian Federation vessels deployed to support the government of Bashar Al-Assad in Syria; ‘‘(14) to support joint military exercises among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; ‘‘(15) to fully implement relevant CAATSA provi- sions to prevent interference by the Russian Federa- tion in the region; ‘‘(16) to support efforts by countries in the region to demobilize military equipment supplied by the Rus- sian Federation in favor of equipment provided by NATO and NATO-allied member countries; and ‘‘(17) to strongly support the active and robust par- ticipation of Israel, Cyprus, and Greece in the Com- bating Terrorism Fellowship Program. ‘‘SEC. 204. UNITED STATES-EASTERN MEDITERRA- NEAN ENERGY COOPERATION. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State, in coordi- nation with the Secretary of Energy, may enter into cooperative agreements supporting and enhancing dia- logue and planning involving international partner- ships between the United States and Israel, Greece, and the Republic of Cyprus. Page 867 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2373 ‘‘(b) ANNUAL REPORTS.—If the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, enters into agreements authorized under subsection (a), the Sec- retary shall submit an annual report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes— ‘‘(1) actions taken to implement such agreements; and ‘‘(2) any projects undertaken pursuant to such agreements. ‘‘(c) UNITED STATES-EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ENERGY CENTER.—The Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Secretary of State, may establish a joint United States-Eastern Mediterranean Energy Center in the United States leveraging the experience, knowl- edge, and expertise of institutions of higher education and entities in the private sector, among others, in off- shore energy development to further dialogue and col- laboration to develop more robust academic coopera- tion in energy innovation technology and engineering, water science, technology transfer, and analysis of emerging geopolitical implications, which include op- portunities as well as crises and threats from foreign natural resource and energy acquisitions. ‘‘SEC. 205. REPEAL OF PROHIBITION ON TRANSFER OF ARTICLES ON THE UNITED STATES MUNI- TIONS LIST TO THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS. ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) allowing for the export, re-export or transfer of arms subject to the United States Munitions List (part 121 of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations) to the Republic of Cyprus would advance United States security interests in Europe by helping to reduce the dependence of the Government of the Republic of Cy- prus on other countries, including countries that pose challenges to United States interests around the world, for defense-related materiel; and ‘‘(2) it is in the interest of the United States to con- tinue to support United Nations-facilitated efforts to- ward a comprehensive solution to the division of Cy- prus. ‘‘(b) MODIFICATION OF PROHIBITION.—[Amended this section.] ‘‘(c) EXCLUSION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS FROM CERTAIN RELATED REGULATIONS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection (d) and ex- cept as provided in paragraph (2), beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State shall not apply a policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles and defense services destined for or originating in the Republic of Cyprus if— ‘‘(A) the request is made by or on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus; and ‘‘(B) the end-user of such defense articles or de- fense services is the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ‘‘(2) EXCEPTION.—This exclusion shall not apply to any denial based upon credible human rights con- cerns. ‘‘(d) LIMITATIONS ON THE TRANSFER OF ARTICLES ON THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST TO THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles on the United States Munitions List to the Republic of Cy- prus shall remain in place unless the President deter- mines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees not less than annually that— ‘‘(A) the Government of the Republic of Cyprus is continuing to cooperate with the United States Government in efforts to implement reforms on anti-money laundering regulations and financial regulatory oversight; and ‘‘(B) the Government of the Republic of Cyprus has made and is continuing to take the steps nec- essary to deny Russian military vessels access to ports for refueling and servicing. ‘‘(2) WAIVER.—The President may waive the limita- tions contained in this subsection for one fiscal year if the President determines that it is essential to the national security interests of the United States to do so. ‘‘(3) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate con- gressional committees’ means— ‘‘(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; and ‘‘(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Rep- resentatives. ‘‘SEC. 206. IMET COOPERATION WITH GREECE AND THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS. ‘‘There is authorized to be appropriated $1,300,000 for fiscal year 2020, $1,500,000 for fiscal year 2021, and $1,800,000 for fiscal year 2022 for International Military Education and Training (IMET) assistance for Greece and $200,000 for fiscal year 2020, $500,000 for fiscal year 2021, and $750,000 for fiscal year 2022 for such assistance for the Republic of Cyprus. The assistance shall be made available for the following purposes: ‘‘(1) Training of future leaders. ‘‘(2) Fostering a better understanding of the United States. ‘‘(3) Establishing a rapport between the United States military and the country’s military to build alliances for the future. ‘‘(4) Enhancement of interoperability and capabili- ties for joint operations. ‘‘(5) Focusing on professional military education. ‘‘(6) Enabling countries to use their national funds to receive a reduced cost for other Department of De- fense education and training. ‘‘SEC. 207. FOREIGN MILITARY FINANCING. ‘‘(a) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is au- thorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2021 up to $3,000,000 for Foreign Military Financing (FMF) assist- ance for Greece to assist the country in meeting its commitment as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to dedicate 20 percent of its de- fense budget to enhance research and development. ‘‘(b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that Greece should receive robust support under the European Recapitalization Incentive Program imple- mented by the Department of Defense. ‘‘SEC. 208. STRATEGY ON UNITED STATES SECU- RITY AND ENERGY COOPERATION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a strategy on enhanced security and energy cooperation with countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, includ- ing Israel, the Republic of Cyprus, and Greece. ‘‘(b) ELEMENTS.—The report required under sub- section (a) shall include the following elements: ‘‘(1) A description of United States participation in and support for the Eastern Mediterranean Natural Gas Forum. ‘‘(2) An evaluation of all possible delivery mecha- nisms into Europe for natural gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. ‘‘(3) An evaluation of efforts to protect energy ex- ploration infrastructure in the region, including in- frastructure owned or operated by United States companies. ‘‘(4) An assessment of the capacity of the Republic of Cyprus to host an Energy Crisis Center in the re- gion which could provide basing facilities in support of search and rescue efforts in the event of an acci- dent. ‘‘(5) An assessment of the timing of potential nat- ural gas delivery in the region as well as an assess- ment of the ultimate destination countries for the natural gas delivery from the region. ‘‘(6) A plan to work with United States businesses seeking to invest in Eastern Mediterranean energy exploration, development, and cooperation. Page 868 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2373 ‘‘(c) FORM.—The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may con- tain a classified annex. ‘‘SEC. 209. REPORT ON RUSSIAN FEDERATION MA- LIGN INFLUENCE IN THE EASTERN MEDI- TERRANEAN. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate con- gressional committees a report on Russian Federation malign influence in the Republic of Cyprus, Greece, and Israel since January 1, 2017. ‘‘(b) ELEMENTS.—The report required under sub- section (a) shall include the following elements: ‘‘(1) An assessment of security, political, and en- ergy goals of the Russian Federation in the Eastern Mediterranean. ‘‘(2) A description of energy projects of the Govern- ment of the Russian Federation in the Eastern Medi- terranean. ‘‘(3) A listing of Russian national ownership of media outlets in these countries, including the name of the media outlet, approximate viewership, and as- sessment of whether the outlet promotes pro-Kremlin views. ‘‘(4) An assessment of military engagement by the Government of the Russian Federation in the secu- rity sector, including engagement by military equip- ment and personnel contractors. ‘‘(5) An assessment of efforts supported by the Gov- ernment of the Russian Federation to influence elec- tions in the three countries, through the use of cyber attacks, social media campaigns, or other malign in- fluence techniques. ‘‘(6) An assessment of efforts by the Government of the Russian Federation to intimidate and influence the decision by His All Holiness Ecumenical Patri- arch Bartholomew, leader of 300,000,000 Orthodox Christians worldwide, to grant autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. ‘‘(c) FORM.—The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may con- tain a classified annex. ‘‘SEC. 210. REPORT ON INTERFERENCE BY OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report list- ing incidents since January 1, 2017, determined by the Secretary of State to interfere in efforts by the Repub- lic of Cyprus to explore and exploit natural resources in its Exclusive Economic Zone. ‘‘(b) FORM.—The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may con- tain a classified annex. ‘‘SEC. 211. REPORT ON INTERFERENCE BY OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE AIRSPACE OF GREECE. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate congres- sional committees a report listing incidents since Jan- uary 1, 2017, determined by the Secretary of State to be violations of the airspace of the sovereign territory of Greece by its neighbors. ‘‘(b) FORM.—The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may con- tain a classified annex. ‘‘SEC. 212. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COM- MITTEES. ‘‘In this title, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Af- fairs of the House of Representatives.’’ REPEAL OF PROHIBITION ON TRANSFER OF ARTICLES ON THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST TO THE REPUB- LIC OF CYPRUS Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XII, § 1250A, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1665, provided that: ‘‘(a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Congress that— ‘‘(1) allowing for the export, re-export or transfer of arms subject to the United States Munitions List (part 121 of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations) to the Republic of Cyprus would advance United States security interests in Europe by helping to reduce the dependence of the Government of the Republic of Cy- prus on other countries, including countries that pose challenges to United States interests around the world, for defense-related materiel; and ‘‘(2) it is in the interest of the United States to con- tinue to support United Nations-facilitated efforts to- ward a comprehensive solution to the division of Cy- prus. ‘‘(b) MODIFICATION OF PROHIBITION.—[Amended this section.] ‘‘(c) EXCLUSION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS FROM CERTAIN RELATED REGULATIONS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection (d) and ex- cept as provided in paragraph (2), beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State shall not apply a policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles and defense services destined for or originating in the Republic of Cyprus if— ‘‘(A) the request is made by or on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus; and ‘‘(B) the end-user of such defense articles or de- fense services is the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. ‘‘(2) EXCEPTION.—This exclusion shall not apply to any denial based upon credible human rights con- cerns. ‘‘(d) LIMITATIONS ON THE TRANSFER OF ARTICLES ON THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST TO THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles on the United States Munitions List to the Republic of Cy- prus shall remain in place unless the President deter- mines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees not less than annually that— ‘‘(A) the Government of the Republic of Cyprus is continuing to cooperate with the United States Government in efforts to implement reforms on anti-money laundering regulations and financial regulatory oversight; and ‘‘(B) the Government of the Republic of Cyprus has made and is continuing to take the steps nec- essary to deny Russian military vessels access to ports for refueling and servicing. ‘‘(2) WAIVER.—The President may waive the limita- tions contained in this subsection for one fiscal year if the President determines that it is essential to the national security interests of the United States to do so. ‘‘(3) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE- FINED.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate con- gressional committees’ means— ‘‘(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; and ‘‘(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Rep- resentatives.’’ SPECIAL AMBASSADORIAL COMMISSION FOR CYPRUS AND THE AEGEAN Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 586], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–185, provided that: ‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds that— Page 869 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2375 ‘‘(1) the inability to achieve a just and lasting Cy- prus settlement will continue to affect relations among the United States and its close NATO allies, Greece and Turkey, to the detriment of larger, mutu- ally shared, security interests in the Eastern Medi- terranean region; ‘‘(2) it is of paramount importance that Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey resolve their differences through negotiations and otherwise peaceful procedures, and that the United States should support the resolution of these differences through all the diplomatic means at its disposal; ‘‘(3) it is in the national interest of the United States that the President make a significant new dip- lomatic demarche towards bringing this dispute to a resolution; and ‘‘(4) it is also in the national interest of the United States to undertake a diplomatic initiative to pro- mote the peaceful and equitable resolution of dif- ferences between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean by fostering a renewed and sustained bilateral dialogue between those countries on such issues as: the delin- eation of the continental shelf, the definition of the territorial seas, air traffic control over the Aegean, NATO command and control arrangements in the Ae- gean, and the status of Lemnos and NATO exercises in the Aegean. ‘‘(b) APPOINTMENT OF SPECIAL AMBASSADOR.—The President is authorized to appoint a special ambassa- dorial level envoy who shall be responsible for rep- resenting the United States in direct negotiations with the parties to the Cyprus dispute, for representing the United States in negotiations through international intermediaries and, generally, lending the good offices of the United States to the parties in this dispute in order to facilitate a peaceful settlement on Cyprus. As agreed to by Greece and Turkey, the special envoy shall also represent the United States in promoting mutual discussions between those countries concerning their differences on Aegean issues. The special ambas- sador appointed under this section shall have available the services of two deputies (one to specialize on the Cyprus question, the other on general Aegean issues) and such senior level Department of State personnel as may be required by the special ambassador in order to carry out his responsibilities. ‘‘(c) REPORT.—Not later than June 1, 1988, the Presi- dent shall submit a report to the Congress describing in detail the activities being undertaken by the special ambassador, the progress being made toward achieve- ment of a peaceful resolution of the Cyprus dispute, an assessment of the obstacles to achievement of such a resolution and of the future role of the United States in acheiving [sic] a settlement on Cyprus, and an as- sessment of the progress being made toward resolution of issues affecting the Aegean region. ‘‘(d) FUNDING.—Up to $500,000 of the funds appro- priated under any heading of this Act [Foreign Oper- ations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Ap- propriations Act, 1988, as enacted by section 101(e) of Pub. L. 101–202] which are allocated for Greece and up to $500,000 of the funds appropriated under any heading of this Act which are allocated for Turkey, may be used by the Department of State for any administrative costs associated with the activities of the special am- bassador and supporting personnel, including transpor- tation, salaries and per diem.’’ DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XIII, § 1317, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2001, provided that: ‘‘In this subtitle [subtitle B (§§ 1311–1317) of title XIII of div. A of Pub. L. 117–81, enacting provisions set out as a note above and as a note preceding section 261 of this title], the term ‘ap- propriate congressional committees’ means— ‘‘(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Com- mittee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Ap- propriations of the Senate; and ‘‘(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Com- mittee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Ap- propriations of the House of Representatives.’’ Executive Documents DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of congressional reporting functions of President under subsec. (c) of this section, see sec- tion 1 of Ex. Ord. No. 13313, July 31, 2003, 68 F.R. 46073, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The Presi- dent. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITIES UNDER THE NATIONAL DE- FENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2020 AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SECURITY AND ENERGY PARTNERSHIP ACT OF 2019 Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 14, 2020, 85 F.R. 35797, provided: Memorandum for the Secretary of State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State the authorities vested in the President by section 1250A(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (Public Law 116–92) [22 U.S.C. 2373 note] and section 205(d) of the Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act of 2019 (Title II, Div. J, Public Law 116–94) [22 U.S.C. 2373 note]. Any reference in this memorandum to either Act shall be deemed to be a reference to such Acts as amended from time to time. You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register. DONALD J. TRUMP. § 2374. Repealed. Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7104(l), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3788 Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 620D, as added Pub. L. 96–53, title V, § 505, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 378, related to prohibition on assistance to Afghanistan. § 2375. Assistance to Pakistan (a) Congressional policy, findings, and goals The Congress recognizes that Soviet forces oc- cupying Afghanistan pose a security threat to Pakistan. The Congress also recognizes that an independent and democratic Pakistan with con- tinued friendly ties with the United States is in the interest of both nations. The Congress finds that United States assistance will help Pakistan maintain its independence. Assistance to Paki- stan is intended to benefit the people of Paki- stan by helping them meet the burdens imposed by the presence of Soviet forces in Afghanistan and by promoting economic development. In au- thorizing assistance to Pakistan, it is the intent of Congress to promote the expeditious restora- tion of full civil liberties and representative government in Pakistan. The Congress further recognizes that it is in the mutual interest of Pakistan and the United States to avoid the pro- foundly destabilizing effects of the proliferation of nuclear explosive devices or the capacity to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear de- vices. (b) Reaffirmation of 1959 bilateral agreement The United States reaffirms the commitment made in its 1959 bilateral agreement with Paki- stan relating to aggression from a Communist or Communist-dominated state. (c) Availability; defensive aspects of assistance Security assistance for Pakistan shall be made available in order to assist Pakistan in dealing