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5 U.S.C. § 5596 — Back pay due to unjustified personnel action
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this section, “agency” means—
(1) an Executive agency;
(2) the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the Federal Judicial Center, and the courts named by [section 610 of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section610&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) the Library of Congress;
(4) the Government Publishing Office;
(5) the government of the District of Columbia;
(6) the Architect of the Capitol, including employees of the United States Senate Restaurants; and
(7) the United States Botanic Garden.
**(b)**
(1) An employee of an agency who, on the basis of a timely appeal or an administrative determination (including a decision relating to an unfair labor practice or a grievance) is found by appropriate authority under applicable law, rule, regulation, or collective bargaining agreement, to have been affected by an unjustified or unwarranted personnel action which has resulted in the withdrawal or reduction of all or part of the pay, allowances, or differentials of the employee—
(A) is entitled, on correction of the personnel action, to receive for the period for which the personnel action was in effect—
(i) an amount equal to all or any part of the pay, allowances, or differentials, as applicable which the employee normally would have earned or received during the period if the personnel action had not occurred, less any amounts earned by the employee through other employment during that period; and
(ii) reasonable attorney fees related to the personnel action which, with respect to any decision relating to an unfair labor practice or a grievance processed under a procedure negotiated in accordance with chapter 71 of this title, or under chapter 11 of title I of the Foreign Serv
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 5596
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_67cb6b27600794fca04318e5
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-5/section-5596-back-pay-due-to-unjustified-personnel-action--9122e1ae27.md
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Passage SHA-256: 44877725d17d9660cd6fef2bf23e7c0bd295fa36382c9e5a2c7ec0f8052600a5
Source location: Title 5, Chapter 55, § 5596; chapter-055-pay-administration.md
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**(a)** For the purpose of this section, “agency” means—
(1) an Executive agency;
(2) the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, the Federal Judicial Center, and the courts named by [section 610 of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section610&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) the Library of Congress;
(4) the Government Publishing Office;
(5) the government of the District of Columbia;
(6) the Architect of the Capitol, including employees of the United States Senate Restaurants; and
(7) the United States Botanic Garden.
**(b)**
(1) An employee of an agency who, on the basis of a timely appeal or an administrative determination (including a decision relating to an unfair labor practice or a grievance) is found by appropriate authority under applicable law, rule, regulation, or collective bargaining agreement, to have been affected by an unjustified or unwarranted personnel action which has resulted in the withdrawal or reduction of all or part of the pay, allowances, or differentials of the employee—
(A) is entitled, on correction of the personnel action, to receive for the period for which the personnel action was in effect—
(i) an amount equal to all or any part of the pay, allowances, or differentials, as applicable which the employee normally would have earned or received during the period if the personnel action had not occurred, less any amounts earned by the employee through other employment during that period; and
(ii) reasonable attorney fees related to the personnel action which, with respect to any decision relating to an unfair labor practice or a grievance processed under a procedure negotiated in accordance with chapter 71 of this title, or under chapter 11 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, shall be awarded in accordance with standards established under [section 7701(g) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section7701/g&num=0&edition=prelim); and
(B) for all purposes, is deemed to have performed service for the agency during that period, except that—
(i) annual leave restored under this paragraph which is in excess of the maximum leave accumulation permitted by law shall be credited to a separate leave account for the employee and shall be available for use by the employee within the time limits prescribed by regulations of the Office of Personnel Management, and
(ii) annual leave credited under clause (i) of this subparagraph but unused and still available to the employee under regulations prescribed by the Office shall be included in the lump-sum payment under section 5551 or 5552(1) of this title but may not be retained to the credit of the employee under [section 5552(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5552/2&num=0&edition=prelim).
(2)
(A) An amount payable under paragraph (1)(A)(i) of this subsection shall be payable with interest.
(B) Such interest—
(i) shall be computed for the period beginning on the effective date of the withdrawal or reduction involved and ending on a date not more than 30 days before the date on which payment is made;
(ii) shall be computed at the rate or rates in effect under section 6621(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 during the period described in clause (i); and
(iii) shall be compounded daily.
(C) Interest under this paragraph shall be paid out of amounts available for payments under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(3) This subsection does not apply to any reclassification action nor authorize the setting aside of an otherwise proper promotion by a selecting official from a group of properly ranked and certified candidates.
(4) The pay, allowances, or differentials granted under this section for the period for which an unjustified or unwarranted personnel action was in effect shall not exceed that authorized by the applicable law, rule, regulations, or collective bargaining agreement under which the unjustified or unwarranted personnel action is found, except that in no case may pay, allowances, or differentials be granted under this section for a period beginning more than 6 years before the date of the filing of a timely appeal or, absent such filing, the date of the administrative determination.
(5) For the purpose of this subsection, “grievance” and “collective bargaining agreement” have the meanings set forth in [section 7103 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section7103&num=0&edition=prelim) and (with respect to members of the Foreign Service) in sections 1101 and 1002 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, “unfair labor practice” means an unfair labor practice described in [section 7116 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section7116&num=0&edition=prelim) and (with respect to members of the Foreign Service) in section 1015 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, and “personnel action” includes the omission or failure to take an action or confer a benefit.
**(c)** The Office of Personnel Management shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section. However, the regulations are not applicable to the Tennessee Valley Authority and its employees, or to the agencies specified in subsection (a)(2) of this section.
Cross-references
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this title, “employee”, except as otherwise provided by this section or when specifically modified, means an officer and an individual who is—
(1) appointed in the civil service by one of the following acting in an official capacity—
(A) the President;
(B) a Member or Members of Congress, or the Congress;
(C) a member of a uniformed service;
(D) an individual who is an employee under this section;
(E) the head of a Government controlled corporation; or
(F) an adjutant general designated by the Secretary concerned under [section 709(c) of title 32](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title32-section709/c&num=0&edition=prelim);
(2) engaged in the performance of a Federal function under authority of law or an Executive act; and
(3) subject to the supervision of an individual named by paragraph (1) of this subsection while engaged in the performance of the duties of his position.
**(b)** An individual who is employed at the United States Naval Academy in the midshipmen’s laundry, the midshipmen’s tailor shop, the midshipmen’s cobbler and barber shops, and the midshipmen’s store, except an individual employed by the Academy dairy (if any), and whose employment in such a position began before October 1, 1996, and has been uninterrupted in such a position since that date is deemed an employee.
**(c)** An employee paid from nonappropriated funds of the Army and Air Force Exchange Service, Navy Ships Stores Program, Navy exchanges, Marine Corps exchanges, Coast Guard exchanges, and other instrumentalities of the United States under the jurisdiction of the armed forces conducted for the comfort, pleasure, contentment, and mental and physical improvement of personnel of the armed forces is deemed not an emp
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 2105
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** An employee as defined by [section 2105 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section2105&num=0&edition=prelim) or an individual employed by the government of the District of Columbia, who is separated from the service, is transferred to a position described under [section 6301(2)(B)(xiii) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section6301/2/B/xiii&num=0&edition=prelim), or elects to receive a lump-sum payment for leave under [section 5552 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5552&num=0&edition=prelim), is entitled to receive a lump-sum payment for accumulated and current accrued annual or vacation leave to which he is entitled by statute. The lump-sum payment shall equal the pay (excluding any differential under section 5925 and any allowance under section 5928) the employee or individual would have received had he remained in the service until expiration of the period of the annual or vacation leave. The lump-sum payment is considered pay for taxation purposes only. The period of leave used for calculating the lump-sum payment shall not be extended due to any holiday occurring after separation. For the purposes of this subsection, movement to employment described in section 2105(c) shall not be deemed separation from the service in the case of an employee whose annual leave is transferred under section 6308(b).
**(b)** The accumulated and current accrued annual leave to which an officer excepted from subchapter I of chapter 63 of this title by section 6301(2)(x)–(xiii) of this title, is entitled immediately before the date he is excepted under that section shall be liquidated by a lump-sum payment in accordance with sub
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 5551
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress finds that—
(1) a career foreign service, characterized by excellence and professionalism, is essential in the national interest to assist the President and the Secretary of State in conducting the foreign affairs of the United States;
(2) the scope and complexity of the foreign affairs of the Nation have heightened the need for a professional foreign service that will serve the foreign affairs interests of the United States in an integrated fashion and that can provide a resource of qualified personnel for the President, the Secretary of State, and the agencies concerned with foreign affairs;
(3) the Foreign Service of the United States, established under the Act of May 24, 1924 (commonly known as the Rogers Act) and continued by the Foreign Service Act of 1946, must be preserved, strengthened, and improved in order to carry out its mission effectively in response to the complex challenges of modern diplomacy and international relations;
(4) the members of the Foreign Service should be representative of the American people, aware of the principles and history of the United States and informed of current concerns and trends in American life, knowledgeable of the affairs, cultures, and languages of other countries, and available to serve in assignments throughout the world; and
(5) the Foreign Service should be operated on the basis of merit principles.
**(b)** The objective of this chapter is to strengthen and improve the Foreign Service of the United States by—
(1) assuring, in accordance with merit principles, admission through impartial and rigorous examination, acquisition of career status only by those who have demonstrated their fitness through successful completion of probationary assignments, effective career development, advancement
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 3901
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For the purpose of this title, “Executive agency” means an Executive department, a Government corporation, and an independent establishment.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 105
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this chapter, it shall be an unfair labor practice for an agency—
(1) to interfere with, restrain, or coerce any employee in the exercise by the employee of any right under this chapter;
(2) to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization by discrimination in connection with hiring, tenure, promotion, or other conditions of employment;
(3) to sponsor, control, or otherwise assist any labor organization, other than to furnish, upon request, customary and routine services and facilities if the services and facilities are also furnished on an impartial basis to other labor organizations having equivalent status;
(4) to discipline or otherwise discriminate against an employee because the employee has filed a complaint, affidavit, or petition, or has given any information or testimony under this chapter;
(5) to refuse to consult or negotiate in good faith with a labor organization as required by this chapter;
(6) to fail or refuse to cooperate in impasse procedures and impasse decisions as required by this chapter;
(7) to enforce any rule or regulation (other than a rule or regulation implementing [section 2302 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section2302&num=0&edition=prelim)) which is in conflict with any applicable collective bargaining agreement if the agreement was in effect before the date the rule or regulation was prescribed; or
(8) to otherwise fail or refuse to comply with any provision of this chapter.
**(b)** For the purpose of this chapter, it shall be an unfair labor practice for a labor organization—
(1) to interfere with, restrain, or coerce any employee in the exercise by the employee of any right under this chapter;
(2) to cause or attempt to cause an age
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 7116
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
As used in this chapter the word “courts” includes the courts of appeals and district courts of the United States, the United States District Court for the District of the Canal Zone, the District Court of Guam, the District Court of the Virgin Islands, the United States Court of Federal Claims, and the Court of International Trade.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 610
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this section, “agency” means an Executive agency, but does not include—
(1) a Government controlled corporation;
(2) the Tennessee Valley Authority;
(3) the Virgin Islands Corporation;
(4) the Atomic Energy Commission;
(5) the Central Intelligence Agency;
(6) the Panama Canal Commission; or
(7) the National Security Agency, Department of Defense.
**(b)** Under regulations prescribed and administered by the President, each agency shall review systematically the operations of each of its activities, functions, or organization units, on a continuing basis.
**(c)** The purpose of the reviews includes—
(1) determining the degree of efficiency and economy in the operation of the agency’s activities, functions, or organization units;
(2) identifying the units that are outstanding in those respects; and
(3) identifying the employees whose personal efforts have caused their units to be outstanding in efficiency and economy of operations.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 305
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The President of the United States shall nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a suitable person to take charge of and manage the Government Publishing Office. The title shall be Director of the Government Publishing Office.
**(b)** The Director shall be appointed for a term of 10 years.
**(c)** An individual appointed to the position of Director, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may be reappointed to that position in accordance with subsections (a) and (b).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 44 U.S.C. § 301
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** For the purpose of this chapter—
(1) “person” means an individual, labor organization, or agency;
(2) “employee” means an individual—
(A) employed in an agency; or
(B) whose employment in an agency has ceased because of any unfair labor practice under [section 7116 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section7116&num=0&edition=prelim) and who has not obtained any other regular and substantially equivalent employment, as determined under regulations prescribed by the Federal Labor Relations Authority;
but does not include—
(i) an alien or noncitizen of the United States who occupies a position outside the United States;
(ii) a member of the uniformed services;
(iii) a supervisor or a management official;
(iv) an officer or employee in the Foreign Service of the United States employed in the Department of State, the International Communication Agency, the Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, or the Department of Commerce; or
(v) any person who participates in a strike in violation of [section 7311 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section7311&num=0&edition=prelim);
(3) “agency” means an Executive agency (including a nonappropriated fund instrumentality described in [section 2105(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section2105/c&num=0&edition=prelim) and the Veterans’ Canteen Service, Department of Veterans Affairs), the Library of Congress, the Government Publishing Office, and the Smithsonian Institution 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. but does not include—
(A) the Government Accountability Office;
(B) the Federal Bureau of Investi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 7103
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Necessary amounts are appropriated to pay final judgments, awards, compromise settlements, and interest and costs specified in the judgments or otherwise authorized by law when—
(1) payment is not otherwise provided for;
(2) payment is certified by the Secretary of the Treasury; and
(3) the judgment, award, or settlement is payable—
(A) under section 2414, 2517, 2672, or 2677 of title 28;
(B) under [section 3723 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section3723&num=0&edition=prelim);
(C) under a decision of a board of contract appeals; or
(D) in excess of an amount payable from the appropriations of an agency for a meritorious claim under section 2733, 2733a, or 2734 of title 10, [section 715 of title 32](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title32-section715&num=0&edition=prelim), or [section 20113 of title 51](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section20113&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b)**
(1) Interest may be paid from the appropriation made by this section—
(A) on a judgment of a district court, only when the judgment becomes final after review on appeal or petition by the United States Government, and then only from the date of filing of the transcript of the judgment with the Secretary of the Treasury through the day before the date of the mandate of affirmance; or
(B) on a judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or the United States Court of Federal Claims under [section 2516(b) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section2516/b&num=0&edition=prelim), only from the date of filing of the transcript of the judgment with the Secretary of the Treasury through the day before t
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 31 U.S.C. § 1304
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