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15 U.S.C. § 4101 — Congressional findings and declaration of purposes
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Congress finds and declares that—
(1) the Arctic, onshore and offshore, contains vital energy resources that can reduce the Nation’s dependence on foreign oil and improve the national balance of payments;
(2) the Arctic is critical to national defense;
(3) the renewable resources of the Arctic, specifically fish and other seafood, represent one of the Nation’s greatest commercial assets;
(4) Arctic conditions directly affect global weather patterns and must be understood in order to promote better agricultural management throughout the United States;
(5) industrial pollution not originating in the Arctic region collects in the polar air mass, has the potential to disrupt global weather patterns, and must be controlled through international cooperation and consultation;
(6) the Arctic is a natural laboratory for research into human health and adaptation, physical and psychological, to climates of extreme cold and isolation and may provide information crucial for future defense needs;
(7) atmospheric conditions peculiar to the Arctic make the Arctic a unique testing ground for research into high latitude communications, which is likely to be crucial for future defense needs;
(8) Arctic marine technology is critical to cost-effective recovery and transportation of energy resources and to the national defense;
(9) the United States has important security, economic, and environmental interests in developing and maintaining a fleet of icebreaking vessels capable of operating effectively in the heavy ice regions of the Arctic;
(10) most Arctic-rim countries possess Arctic technologies far more advanced than those currently available in the United States;
(11) Federal Arctic research is fragmented and uncoordinated at the present time, leading to the negl
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Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-15/section-4101-congressional-findings-and-declaration-of-purposes--816240c88c.md
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 67, § 4101; chapter-067-arctic-research-and-policy.md
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**(a)** The Congress finds and declares that—
(1) the Arctic, onshore and offshore, contains vital energy resources that can reduce the Nation’s dependence on foreign oil and improve the national balance of payments;
(2) the Arctic is critical to national defense;
(3) the renewable resources of the Arctic, specifically fish and other seafood, represent one of the Nation’s greatest commercial assets;
(4) Arctic conditions directly affect global weather patterns and must be understood in order to promote better agricultural management throughout the United States;
(5) industrial pollution not originating in the Arctic region collects in the polar air mass, has the potential to disrupt global weather patterns, and must be controlled through international cooperation and consultation;
(6) the Arctic is a natural laboratory for research into human health and adaptation, physical and psychological, to climates of extreme cold and isolation and may provide information crucial for future defense needs;
(7) atmospheric conditions peculiar to the Arctic make the Arctic a unique testing ground for research into high latitude communications, which is likely to be crucial for future defense needs;
(8) Arctic marine technology is critical to cost-effective recovery and transportation of energy resources and to the national defense;
(9) the United States has important security, economic, and environmental interests in developing and maintaining a fleet of icebreaking vessels capable of operating effectively in the heavy ice regions of the Arctic;
(10) most Arctic-rim countries possess Arctic technologies far more advanced than those currently available in the United States;
(11) Federal Arctic research is fragmented and uncoordinated at the present time, leading to the neglect of certain areas of research and to unnecessary duplication of effort in other areas of research;
(12) improved logistical coordination and support for Arctic research and better dissemination of research data and information is necessary to increase the efficiency and utility of national Arctic research efforts;
(13) a comprehensive national policy and program plan to organize and fund currently neglected scientific research with respect to the Arctic is necessary to fulfill national objectives in Arctic research;
(14) the Federal Government, in cooperation with State and local governments, should focus its efforts on the collection and characterization of basic data related to biological, materials, geophysical, social, and behavioral phenomena in the Arctic;
(15) research into the long-range health, environmental, and social effects of development in the Arctic is necessary to mitigate the adverse consequences of that development to the land and its residents;
(16) Arctic research expands knowledge of the Arctic, which can enhance the lives of Arctic residents, increase opportunities for international cooperation among Arctic-rim countries, and facilitate the formulation of national policy for the Arctic; and
(17) the Alaskan Arctic provides an essential habitat for marine mammals, migratory waterfowl, and other forms of wildlife which are important to the Nation and which are essential to Arctic residents.
**(b)** The purposes of this chapter are—
(1) to establish national policy, priorities, and goals and to provide a Federal program plan for basic and applied scientific research with respect to the Arctic, including natural resources and materials, physical, biological and health sciences, and social and behavioral sciences;
(2) to establish an Arctic Research Commission to promote Arctic research and to recommend Arctic research policy;
(3) to designate the National Science Foundation as the lead agency responsible for implementing Arctic research policy; and
(4) to establish an Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee to develop a national Arctic research policy and a five year plan to implement that policy.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Each agency shall make available to the public information as follows:
(1) Each agency shall separately state and currently publish in the Federal Register for the guidance of the public—
(A) descriptions of its central and field organization and the established places at which, the employees (and in the case of a uniformed service, the members) from whom, and the methods whereby, the public may obtain information, make submittals or requests, or obtain decisions;
(B) statements of the general course and method by which its functions are channeled and determined, including the nature and requirements of all formal and informal procedures available;
(C) rules of procedure, descriptions of forms available or the places at which forms may be obtained, and instructions as to the scope and contents of all papers, reports, or examinations;
(D) substantive rules of general applicability adopted as authorized by law, and statements of general policy or interpretations of general applicability formulated and adopted by the agency; and
(E) each amendment, revision, or repeal of the foregoing.
Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person may not in any manner be required to resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be published in the Federal Register and not so published. For the purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the class of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal Register when incorporated by reference therein with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register.
(2) Each agency, in accordance with published rules, shall make available for public inspection in an electronic format—
(A) final opinions, including concurring and dissen
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 5 U.S.C. § 552
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Interagency Committee, in consultation with the Commission, the Governor of the State of Alaska, the residents of the Arctic, the private sector, and public interest groups, shall prepare a comprehensive 5-year program plan (hereinafter referred to as the “Plan”) for the overall Federal effort in Arctic research. The Plan shall be prepared and submitted to the President for transmittal to the Congress within one year after July 31, 1984, and shall be revised biennially thereafter.
**(b)** The Plan shall contain but need not be limited to the following elements:
(1) an assessment of national needs and problems regarding the Arctic and the research necessary to address those needs or problems;
(2) a statement of the goals and objectives of the Interagency Committee for national Arctic research;
(3) a detailed listing of all existing Federal programs relating to Arctic research, including the existing goals, funding levels for each of the 5 following fiscal years, and the funds currently being expended to conduct the programs;
(4) recommendations for necessary program changes and other proposals to meet the requirements of the policy and goals as set forth by the Commission and in the Plan as currently in effect; and
(5) a description of the actions taken by the Interagency Committee to coordinate the budget review process in order to ensure interagency coordination and cooperation in (A) carrying out Federal Arctic research programs, and (B) eliminating unnecessary duplication of effort among these programs.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 4108
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this subchapter:
**(a) Outer Continental Shelf.—** The term “outer Continental Shelf” means—
(1) all submerged lands lying seaward and outside of the area of lands beneath navigable waters as defined in [section 1301 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1301&num=0&edition=prelim), and of which the subsoil and seabed appertain to the United States and are subject to its jurisdiction and control or within the exclusive economic zone of the United States and adjacent to any territory of the United States; and
(2) does not include any area conveyed by Congress to a territorial government for administration;
**(b) Secretary.—** The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior, except that with respect to functions under this subchapter transferred to, or vested in, the Secretary of Energy or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission by or pursuant to the Department of Energy Organization Act ([42 U.S.C. 7101](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7101&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.), the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Energy, or the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, as the case may be.
**(c) Lease.—** The term “lease” means any form of authorization which is issued under [section 1337 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1337&num=0&edition=prelim) or maintained under [section 1335 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title43-section1335&num=0&edition=prelim) and which authorizes exploration for, and development and production of, minerals.
**(d) Person.—** The term “person” includes, in addition to a natural person, an association, a State, a political subdivision o
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 43 U.S.C. § 1331
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Acquisition of information from Federal agencies; withholding authorization**
(1) The Commission may acquire from the head of any Federal agency unclassified data, reports, and other nonproprietary information with respect to Arctic research in the possession of the agency which the Commission considers useful in the discharge of its duties.
(2) Each agency shall cooperate with the Commission and furnish all data, reports, and other information requested by the Commission to the extent permitted by law; except that no agency need furnish any information which it is permitted to withhold under [section 552 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section552&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Utilization of facilities and services; reimbursement; avoidance of duplication** With the consent of the appropriate agency head, the Commission may utilize the facilities and services of any Federal agency to the extent that the facilities and services are needed for the establishment and development of an Arctic research policy, upon reimbursement to be agreed upon by the Commission and the agency head and taking every feasible step to avoid duplication of effort.
**(c) Consultations with Commission prior to major Federal actions** All Federal agencies shall consult with the Commission before undertaking major Federal actions relating to Arctic research.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 4104
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Office of Science and Technology Policy shall—
(1) review all agency and department budget requests related to the Arctic transmitted pursuant to [section 4107(a)(5) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section4107/a/5&num=0&edition=prelim), in accordance with the national Arctic research policy and the 5-year program under section 4107(a)(2) and [section 4108 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section4108&num=0&edition=prelim), respectively; and
(2) consult closely with the Interagency Committee and the Commission to guide the Office of Science and Technology Policy’s efforts.
**(b)**
(1) The Office of Management and Budget shall consider all Federal agency requests for research related to the Arctic as one integrated, coherent, and multiagency request which shall be reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget prior to submission of the President’s annual budget request for its adherence to the Plan. The Commission shall, after submission of the President’s annual budget request, review the request and report to Congress on adherence to the Plan.
(2) The Office of Management and Budget shall seek to facilitate planning for the design, procurement, maintenance, deployment, and operations of icebreakers needed to provide a platform for Arctic research by allocating all funds necessary to support icebreaking operations, except for recurring incremental costs associated with specific projects, to the Coast Guard.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 4109
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
For purposes of this Act, the terms “independent states of the former Soviet Union” and “independent states” mean the following: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5811
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment** There is established a Department of Homeland Security, as an executive department of the United States within the meaning of title 5.
**(b) Mission**
(1) **In general** — The primary mission of the Department is to—
(A) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
(B) reduce the vulnerability of the United States to terrorism;
(C) minimize the damage, and assist in the recovery, from terrorist attacks that do occur within the United States;
(D) carry out all functions of entities transferred to the Department, including by acting as a focal point regarding natural and manmade crises and emergency planning;
(E) ensure that the functions of the agencies and subdivisions within the Department that are not related directly to securing the homeland are not diminished or neglected except by a specific explicit Act of Congress;
(F) ensure that the overall economic security of the United States is not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland;
(G) ensure that the civil rights and civil liberties of persons are not diminished by efforts, activities, and programs aimed at securing the homeland; and
(H) monitor connections between illegal drug trafficking and terrorism, coordinate efforts to sever such connections, and otherwise contribute to efforts to interdict illegal drug trafficking.
(2) **Responsibility for investigating and prosecuting terrorism** — Except as specifically provided by law with respect to entities transferred to the Department under this chapter, primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism shall be vested not in the Department, but rather in Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies with jurisdiction over the acts in question.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 6 U.S.C. § 122
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 2101
TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
§ 4101
thorized to be appropriated to the Department of Com-
merce—
‘‘(1) to carry out export promotion programs—
‘‘(A) $190,000,000 for fiscal year 1993; and
‘‘(B) $200,000,000 for fiscal year 1994; and
‘‘(2) to carry out section 4723 of this title, $5,500,000
for each of fiscal years 1993 and 1994.’’
1992—Pub. L. 102–429 amended section generally. Prior
to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘There are au-
thorized to be appropriated to the Department of Com-
merce to carry out export promotion programs
$123,922,000 for the fiscal year 1988, and $146,400,000 for
each of the fiscal years 1989 and 1990.’’
1988—Pub. L. 100–418 amended section generally. Prior
to amendment, section read as follows: ‘‘There is au-
thorized to be appropriated $123,922,000 for each of the
fiscal years 1987 and 1988 to the Department of Com-
merce to carry out export promotion programs.’’
1986—Pub. L. 99–633 substituted provisions author-
izing appropriations of $123,922,000 for each of the fiscal
years 1987 and 1988 for provisions authorizing appro-
priations of $113,273,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985
and 1986.
§ 4053. Barter arrangements
(a) Report on status of Federal barter programs
The Secretary of Agriculture and the Sec-
retary of Energy shall, not later than 90 days
after July 12, 1985, submit to the Congress a re-
port on the status of Federal programs relating
to the barter or exchange of commodities owned
by the Commodity Credit Corporation for mate-
rials and products produced in foreign countries.
Such report shall include details of any changes
necessary in existing law to allow the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and, in the case of petro-
leum resources, the Department of Energy, to
implement fully any barter program
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 15 U.S.C. § 4101
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