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15 U.S.C. § 1 — Trusts, etc., in restraint of trade illegal; penalty
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 1
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_40cb740c9dc1905a024ee5d7
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-15/section-1-trusts-etc-in-restraint-of-trade-illegal-penalty--d9b5a67c4b.md
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Source location: Title 15, Chapter 1, § 1; chapter-001-monopolies-and-combinations-in-restraint-of-trade.md
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Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In General.—** On the initiative of the Secretary of Transportation or the complaint of an air carrier, foreign air carrier, air ambulance consumer (as defined by the Secretary of Transportation), or ticket agent, and if the Secretary considers it is in the public interest, the Secretary may investigate and decide whether an air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent has been or is engaged in an unfair or deceptive practice or an unfair method of competition in air transportation or the sale of air transportation. If the Secretary, after notice and an opportunity for a hearing, finds that an air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent is engaged in an unfair or deceptive practice or unfair method of competition, the Secretary shall order the air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent to stop the practice or method.
**(b) E-Ticket Expiration Notice.—** It shall be an unfair or deceptive practice under subsection (a) for any air carrier, foreign air carrier, or ticket agent utilizing electronically transmitted tickets for air transportation to fail to notify the purchaser of such a ticket of its expiration date, if any.
**(c) Disclosure Requirement for Sellers of Tickets for Flights.—**
(1) **In general.—** — It shall be an unfair or deceptive practice under subsection (a) for any ticket agent, air carrier, foreign air carrier, or other person offering to sell tickets for air transportation on a flight of an air carrier to fail to disclose, whether verbally in oral communication or in writing in written or electronic communication, prior to the purchase of a ticket—
(A) the name of the air carrier providing the air transportation; and
(B) if the flight has more than one flight segment, the name of each air carrier providing the air trans
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 49 U.S.C. § 41712
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** “Antitrust laws,” as used herein, includes the Act entitled “An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies,” approved July second, eighteen hundred and ninety; sections seventy-three to seventy-six, inclusive, of an Act entitled “An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,” of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four; an Act entitled “An Act to amend sections seventy-three and seventy-six of the Act of August twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-four, entitled ‘An Act to reduce taxation, to provide revenue for the Government, and for other purposes,’ ” approved February twelfth, nineteen hundred and thirteen; and also this Act.“Commerce,” as used herein, means trade or commerce among the several States and with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United States and any State, Territory, or foreign nation, or between any insular possessions or other places under the jurisdiction of the United States, or between any such possession or place and any State or Territory of the United States or the District of Columbia or any foreign nation, or within the District of Columbia or any Territory or any insular possession or other place under the jurisdiction of the United States: Provided, That nothing in this Act contained shall apply to the Philippine Islands. The word “person” or “persons” wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.
**(b)** This Act may be cited as the “Clayton Act”.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 12
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or in restraint of trade or commerce between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia and any State or States or foreign nations, is declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract or engage in any such combination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
**(b)** Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce in any Territory of the United States or of the District of Columbia, or between any such Territory and another, or between any such Territory or Territories and any State or States or the District of Columbia, or with foreign nations, or between the District of Columbia, and any State or States or foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $100,000,000 if a corporation, or, if any other person, $1,000,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding 10 years, or by both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In sections 7a to 7a–3 of this title:
(1) **Antitrust Division** — The term “Antitrust Division” means the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division.
(2) **Antitrust leniency agreement** — The term “antitrust leniency agreement,” or “agreement,” means a leniency letter agreement, whether conditional or final, between a person and the Antitrust Division pursuant to the Corporate Leniency Policy of the Antitrust Division in effect on the date of execution of the agreement.
(3) **Antitrust leniency applicant** — The term “antitrust leniency applicant,” or “applicant,” means, with respect to an antitrust leniency agreement, the person that has entered into the agreement.
(4) **Claimant** — The term “claimant” means a person or class, that has brought, or on whose behalf has been brought, a civil action alleging a violation of section 1 or 3 of this title or any similar State law, except that the term does not include a State or a subdivision of a State with respect to a civil action brought to recover damages sustained by the State or subdivision.
(5) **Cooperating individual** — The term “cooperating individual” means, with respect to an antitrust leniency agreement, a current or former director, officer, or employee of the antitrust leniency applicant who is covered by the agreement.
(6) **Person** — The term “person” has the meaning given it in subsection (a) of [section 12 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section12&num=0&edition=prelim).
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 7a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
When used in this title unless the context otherwise indicates—
**(a)** The term “invention” means invention or discovery.
**(b)** The term “process” means process, art or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material.
**(c)** The terms “United States” and “this country” mean the United States of America, its territories and possessions.
**(d)** The word “patentee” includes not only the patentee to whom the patent was issued but also the successors in title to the patentee.
**(e)** The term “third-party requester” means a person requesting ex parte reexamination under section 302 who is not the patent owner.
**(f)** The term “inventor” means the individual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention.
**(g)** The terms “joint inventor” and “coinventor” mean any 1 of the individuals who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint invention.
**(h)** The term “joint research agreement” means a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by 2 or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention.
**(i)**
(1) The term “effective filing date” for a claimed invention in a patent or application for patent means—
(A) if subparagraph (B) does not apply, the actual filing date of the patent or the application for the patent containing a claim to the invention; or
(B) the filing date of the earliest application for which the patent or application is entitled, as to such invention, to a right of priority under section 119, 365(a), 365(b), 386(a), or 386(b) or to the benefit of an earlier filing date under section 120, 121, 365(
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 35 U.S.C. § 100
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Amount of recovery; prejudgment interest** Except as provided in subsection (b), any person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee. The court may award under this section, pursuant to a motion by such person promptly made, simple interest on actual damages for the period beginning on the date of service of such person’s pleading setting forth a claim under the antitrust laws and ending on the date of judgment, or for any shorter period therein, if the court finds that the award of such interest for such period is just in the circumstances. In determining whether an award of interest under this section for any period is just in the circumstances, the court shall consider only—
(1) whether such person or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, made motions or asserted claims or defenses so lacking in merit as to show that such party or representative acted intentionally for delay, or otherwise acted in bad faith;
(2) whether, in the course of the action involved, such person or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, violated any applicable rule, statute, or court order providing for sanctions for dilatory behavior or otherwise providing for expeditious proceedings; and
(3) whether such person or the opposing party, or either party’s representative, engaged in conduct primarily for the purpose of delaying the litigation or increasing the cost thereof.
**(b) Amount of damages pa
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 15
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definition** In this section, the term “foreign entity of concern” has the meaning given the term in [section 18741 of title 42](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section18741&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Accounting for foreign government subsidies** A person required to file a notification under [section 18a of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section18a&num=0&edition=prelim) that received a subsidy from a foreign entity of concern shall include in such notification content regarding such subsidy.
**(c) Authority of antitrust regulators** The Federal Trade Commission, with the concurrence of the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, and in consultation with the Chairperson of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, the Secretary of Commerce, the Chair of the United States International Trade Commission, the United States Trade Representative, and the heads of other appropriate agencies, and by rule in accordance with [section 553 of title 5](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section553&num=0&edition=prelim), shall require that the notification required under subsection (b) be in such form and contain such documentary material and information relevant to a proposed acquisition as is necessary and appropriate to enable the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice to determine whether such acquisition may, if consummated, violate the antitrust laws.
**(d) Effective date** Subsection (b) shall take effect on the date on which the rule described in subsection (c) takes effect.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 18b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Court of appeals; review by Supreme Court** Except as otherwise expressly provided by this section, in every civil action brought in any district court of the United States under the Act entitled “An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies”, approved July 2, 1890, or any other Acts having like purpose that have been or hereafter may be enacted, in which the United States is the complainant and equitable relief is sought, any appeal from a final judgement entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1291 and 2107 of title 28. Any appeal from an interlocutory order entered in any such action shall be taken to the court of appeals pursuant to sections 1292(a)(1) and 2107 of title 28 but not otherwise. Any judgment entered by the court of appeals in any such action shall be subject to review by the Supreme Court upon a writ of certiorari as provided in [section 1254(1) of title 28](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1254/1&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(b) Direct appeals to Supreme Court** An appeal from a final judgment pursuant to subsection (a) shall lie directly to the Supreme Court, if, upon application of a party filed within fifteen days of the filing of a notice of appeal, the district judge who adjudicated the case enters an order stating that immediate consideration of the appeal by the Supreme Court is of general public importance in the administration of justice. Such order shall be filed within thirty days after the filing of a notice of appeal. When such an order is filed, the appeal and any cross appeal shall be docketed in the time and manner prescribed by the rules of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall thereupon either (1) dispos
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 29
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Establishment and Designation.—**
(1) **Establishment.—** — Each executive agency has an advocate for competition.
(2) **Designation.—** — The head of each executive agency shall—
(A) designate for the executive agency and for each procuring activity of the executive agency one officer or employee serving in a position authorized for the executive agency on July 18, 1984 (other than the senior procurement executive designated pursuant to [section 1702(c) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title41-section1702/c&num=0&edition=prelim)) to serve as the advocate for competition;
(B) not assign those officers or employees duties or responsibilities that are inconsistent with the duties and responsibilities of the advocates for competition; and
(C) provide those officers or employees with the staff or assistance necessary to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the advocate for competition, such as individuals who are specialists in engineering, technical operations, contract administration, financial management, supply management, and utilization of small and disadvantaged business concerns.
**(b) Duties and Functions.—** The advocate for competition of an executive agency shall—
(1) be responsible for challenging barriers to, and promoting full and open competition in, the procurement of property and services by the executive agency;
(2) review the procurement activities of the executive agency;
(3) identify and report to the senior procurement executive of the executive agency—
(A) opportunities and actions taken to achieve full and open competition in the procurement activities of the executive agency; and
(B) any condition or action which has the effect of unnecessarily restricting competition in
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 41 U.S.C. § 1705
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Limitations on the use of credit instruments; sales, resales, and transfers** Except as provided in subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for any person engaged in commerce, in the course of such commerce, directly or indirectly to impose any condition, restriction, agreement, or understanding that—
(1) limits the use of credit instruments in any transaction concerning the sale, resale, or transfer of gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel of equivalent usability in any case in which there is no similar limitation on transactions concerning such person’s conventional motor fuel; or
(2) otherwise unreasonably discriminates against or unreasonably limits the sale, resale, or transfer of gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel of equivalent usability in any case in which such synthetic or conventional motor fuel is sold for use, consumption, or resale within the United States.
**(b) Credit fees; equivalent conventional motor fuel sales; labeling of pumps; product liability disclaimers; advertising support; furnishing facilities**
(1) Nothing in this section or in any other provision of law in effect on December 2, 1980, which is specifically applicable to the sale of petroleum products shall preclude any person referred to in subsection (a) from imposing a reasonable fee for credit on the sale, resale, or transfer of the gasohol or other synthetic motor fuel referred to in subsection (a) if such fee equals no more than the actual costs to such person of extending that credit.
(2) The prohibitions in this section shall not apply to any person who makes available sufficient supplies of gasohol and other synthetic motor fuels of equivalent usability to satisfy his customers’ needs for such products, if the gasohol and other synthetic fuels are made available on terms a
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 26a
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