22 U.S.C. § 2220a — General provisions

Page 693 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2220a Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was in the original ‘‘this Act’’, meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. AMENDMENTS 1978—Subsecs. (a), (b), (c), (e). Pub. L. 95–424 inserted ‘‘and part 1 of this subchapter’’ after ‘‘this part’’. 1968—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90–554, § 106(a), emphasized research designed to increase understanding of ways in which development assistance can support democratic social and political trends in recipient countries. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90–554, § 106(b), added subsec. (e). 1967—Pub. L. 90–137 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) to (d). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO SUBCHAPTER I DEEMED TO INCLUDE CERTAIN PARTS OF SUBCHAPTER II References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.), VI (§ 2348 et seq.), and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title. REFERENCES TO PART I DEEMED TO INCLUDE SECTION 2293 References to part I of this subchapter are deemed to include a reference to section 2293 of this title. See sec- tion 2293(d)(1) of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. SUBPART X—PROGRAMS RELATING TO POPULATION GROWTH AND FAMILY PLANNING §§ 2219, 2219a. Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 104(b), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 947 Section 2219, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 291, as added Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 109, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 452, set forth a general statement of policy concerning population growth and family planning. Section 2219a, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 292, as added Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 109, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 453; amended Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, § 107, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 962; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 107, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 106, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 93–189, § 8, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 718; Pub. L. 93–559, § 4(2), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1795, related to the availability of funds on a loan or grant basis to carry out the purposes of this subpart. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2151 of this title. SUBPART XI—FOOD PRODUCTION TARGETS AND REPORTS § 2220. Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(d)(1), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 959 Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 295, as added Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 109, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 453, related to reports and recommendations to Congress by the Presi- dent for each country receiving assistance under this chapter which the President finds has a substantial food deficit. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2151 of this title. SUBPART XII—FAMINE PREVENTION AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER § 2220a. General provisions (a) Congressional objectives and findings The Congress declares that, in order to achieve the mutual goals among nations of en- suring food security, human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sus- tainable use of natural resources, the United States should mobilize the capacities of the United States land-grant universities, other eli- gible universities, and public and private part- ners of universities in the United States and other countries, consistent with sections 2151a and 2151a–1 of this title, for: (1) global research on problems affecting food, agriculture, for- estry, and fisheries; (2) improved human capac- ity and institutional resource development for the global application of agricultural and re- lated environmental sciences; (3) agricultural development and trade research and extension services in the United States and other coun- tries to support the entry of rural industries into world markets; and (4) providing for the ap- plication of agricultural sciences to solving food, health, nutrition, rural income, and envi- ronmental problems, especially such problems in low-income, food deficit countries. The Congress so declares because it finds— (A) that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, State, and county governments has led to agricultural progress with and through the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of economic development; (B) that land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with international agencies, educational and re- search institutions in other countries, the pri- vate sector, and nongovernmental organiza- tions worldwide, in expanding global agricul- tural production, processing, business and trade, to the benefit of aid recipient countries and of the United States; (C) that, in a world of growing populations with rising expectations, increased food pro- duction and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger and en- sure human health and child survival, but to build the basis for economic growth and trade, and the social security in which democracy and a market economy can thrive, and more- over, that the greatest potential for increasing world food supplies and incomes to purchase food is in the developing countries where the Page 694 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2220a gap between food need and food supply is the greatest and current incomes are lowest; (D) that increasing and making more secure the supply of food is of greatest benefit to the poorest majority in the developing world; (E) that, with expanding global markets and increasing imports into many countries, in- cluding the United States, food safety and quality, as well as secure supply, have emerged as mutual concerns of all countries; (F) that research, teaching, and extension activities, and appropriate institutional and policy development therefore are prime fac- tors in improving agricultural production, food distribution, processing, storage, and marketing abroad (as well as in the United States); (G) moreover, that agricultural research abroad has in the past and will continue in the future to provide benefits for agriculture and the broader economy of the United States and that increasing the availability of food of higher nutritional quality is of benefit to all; (H) that there is a need to responsibly man- age the world’s agricultural and natural re- sources for sustained productivity, health and resilience to climate variability; and (I) that universities and public and private partners of universities need a dependable source of funding in order to increase the im- pact of their own investments and those of their State governments and constituencies, in order to continue and expand their efforts to advance agricultural development in co- operating countries, to translate development into economic growth and trade for the United States and cooperating countries, and to pre- pare future teachers, researchers, extension specialists, entrepreneurs, managers, and deci- sionmakers for the world economy. (b) Congressional declaration for collation of components to increase world food produc- tion Accordingly, the Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from hunger, the following components must be brought together in a coordinated program to increase world food and fiber production, agri- cultural trade, and responsible management of natural resources, including— (1) continued efforts by the international ag- ricultural research centers and other inter- national research entities to provide a global network, including United States universities, for international scientific collaboration on crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming re- sources, and food systems of worldwide impor- tance; (2) contract research and the implementa- tion of collaborative research support pro- grams and other research collaboration led by United States universities, and involving re- search systems in other countries focused on crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming re- sources, and food systems, with benefits to the United States and partner countries; (3) broadly disseminating the benefits of global agricultural research and development including increased benefits for United States agriculturally related industries through es- tablishment of development and trade infor- mation and service centers, for rural as well as urban communities, through extension, coop- eratively with, and supportive of, existing public and private trade and development re- lated organizations; (4) facilitation of participation by univer- sities and public and private partners of uni- versities in programs of multilateral banks and agencies which receive United States funds; (5) expanding learning opportunities about global agriculture for students, teachers, com- munity leaders, entrepreneurs, and the gen- eral public through international internships and exchanges, graduate assistantships, fac- ulty positions, and other means of education and extension through long-term recurring Federal funds matched by State funds; and (6) competitive grants through universities to United States agriculturalists and public and private partners of universities from other countries for research, institution and policy development, extension, training, and other programs for global agricultural development, trade, and responsible management of natural resources. (c) University involvement, participation, and co- operation The United States should— (1) effectively involve the United States land-grant and other eligible universities more extensively in each of the program compo- nents described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (b); (2) provide mechanisms for the universities and public and private partners of universities to participate and advise in the planning, de- velopment, implementation, and administra- tion of each component; (3) assist such universities and public and private partners of universities in cooperative joint efforts with— (A) agricultural institutions in developing nations; (B) regional and international agricultural research centers; (C) multilateral banks and agencies receiv- ing United States funds; (D) development agencies of other coun- tries; and (E) United States Government foreign as- sistance and economic cooperation pro- grams; (4) generally engage the United States uni- versity community more extensively in the agricultural research, trade, and development initiatives undertaken outside the United States, with the objectives of strengthening its capacity to carry out research, teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food production, processing, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally developing na- tions, and for transforming progress in global agricultural research and development into economic growth, trade, and trade benefits for aid recipient countries and United States com- munities and industries, and for the wise use of natural resources; and (5) ensure that all federally funded support to universities and public and private partners Page 695 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2220a of universities relating to the goals of this subpart is periodically reviewed for its per- formance. (d) Universities As used in this subpart, the term ‘‘univer- sities’’ means those colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia, now receiving, or which may hereafter receive, bene- fits under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the First Morrill Act) [7 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], or the Act of August 30, 1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act) [7 U.S.C. 321 et seq.], which are commonly known as ‘‘land-grant’’ universities; institutions now designated or which may here- after be designated as sea-grant colleges under the Act of October 15, 1966 (known as the Na- tional Sea Grant College and Program Act) [33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq.], which are commonly known as sea-grant colleges; Native American land- grant colleges as authorized under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note); and other United States col- leges and universities which— (1) have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, and extension (including outreach) activities in the agricultural sciences; and (2) can contribute effectively to the attain- ment of the objectives of this subpart. (e) Administrator As used in this subpart, the term ‘‘Adminis- trator’’ means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. (f) Public and private partners of universities As used in this subpart, the term ‘‘public and private partners of universities’’ includes enti- ties that have cooperative or contractual agree- ments with universities, which may include for- mal or informal associations of universities, other education institutions, United States Gov- ernment and State agencies, private voluntary organizations, nongovernmental organizations, firms operated for profit, nonprofit organiza- tions, multinational banks, and, as designated by the Administrator, any organization, institu- tion, or agency incorporated in other countries. (g) Agriculture As used in this subpart, the term ‘‘agri- culture’’ includes the science and practice of ac- tivity related to food, feed, and fiber production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and trade, and also includes family and con- sumer sciences, nutrition, food science and engi- neering, agricultural economics and other social sciences, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aqua- culture, floraculture, veterinary medicine, and other environmental and natural resources sciences. (h) Agriculturists As used in this subpart, the term ‘‘agricultur- ists’’ includes farmers, herders, and livestock producers, individuals who fish and others em- ployed in cultivating and harvesting food re- sources from salt and fresh waters, individuals who cultivate trees and shrubs and harvest non- timber forest products, as well as the processors, managers, teachers, extension specialists, re- searchers, policymakers, and others who are en- gaged in the food, feed, and fiber system and its relationships to natural resources. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 296, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 312, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 861; amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 103(c), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 945; Pub. L. 106–373, § 2, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT The First Morrill Act and the Second Morrill Act, re- ferred to in subsec. (d), refer to acts July 2, 1862, ch. 130, 12 Stat. 503, and Aug. 30, 1890, ch. 841, 26 Stat. 417, which are classified generally to subchapters I (§ 301 et seq.) and II (§ 321 et seq.), respectively, of chapter 13 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of these Acts to the Code, see Short Title notes set out under sections 301 and 321 of Title 7 and Tables. The National Sea Grant College and Program Act, re- ferred to in subsec. (d), is title II of Pub. L. 89–454, as added Pub. L. 89–688, § 1, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 998, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 1121 et seq.) of chapter 22 of Title 33, Navigation and Navigable Wa- ters. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1121 of Title 33 and Tables. The Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994, referred to in subsec. (d), is Pub. L. 103–382, title V, part C, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 4048, which is set out as a note under section 301 of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Ta- bles. AMENDMENTS 2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(A), in sec- ond sentence, redesignated pars. (1) to (7) as subpars. (A) to (G), respectively. Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(1), amended first sentence gen- erally. Prior to amendment, first sentence read as fol- lows: ‘‘The Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from hunger, the United States should strengthen the capacities of the United States land-grant and other eligible universities in pro- gram-related agricultural institutional development and research, consistent with sections 2151a and 2151a–1 of this title, should improve their participation in the United States Government’s international efforts to apply more effective agricultural sciences to the goal of increasing world food production, and in general should provide increased and longer term support to the application of science to solving food and nutrition problems of the developing countries.’’ Subsec. (a)(A). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(B), substituted ‘‘with and through the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of economic develop- ment’’ for ‘‘in this country’’. Subsec. (a)(B). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(C), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: ‘‘that land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with foreign agricul- tural institutions in expanding indigenous food produc- tion for both domestic and international markets;’’. Subsec. (a)(C). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(D), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: ‘‘that, in a world of growing population with rising expectations, increased food production and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger but to build the economic base for growth, and moreover, that the greatest potential for increasing world food supplies is in the developing countries where the gap between food need and food supply is the great- est and current yields are lowest;’’. Subsec. (a)(E). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(E), (H), added subpar. (E) and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: ‘‘that research, teaching, and extension Page 696 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2220a activities, and appropriate institutional development therefor are prime factors in increasing agricultural production abroad (as well as in the United States) and in improving food distribution, storage, and mar- keting;’’. Subsec. (a)(F). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(H), added sub- par. (F). Former subpar. (F) redesignated (G). Subsec. (a)(G). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(E), (G), (I), re- designated subpar. (F) as (G), substituted ‘‘and the broader economy of the United States’’ for ‘‘in the United States’’, and struck out former subpar. (G) which read as follows: ‘‘that universities need a depend- able source of Federal funding, as well as other financ- ing, in order to expand, or in some cases to continue, their efforts to assist in increasing agricultural produc- tion in developing countries.’’ Subsec. (a)(H), (I). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(a)(2)(F), (J), added subpars. (H) and (I). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(b), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) contained declaration of Congress that various components had to be brought together in order to increase world food pro- duction. Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(c)(1), substituted ‘‘each of the program components described in para- graphs (1) through (6) of subsection (b)’’ for ‘‘each com- ponent’’. Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(c)(2)(A), inserted ‘‘and public and private partners of universities’’ after ‘‘for the universities’’. Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(c)(3), inserted ‘‘and public and private partners of universities’’ after ‘‘such universities’’ in introductory provisions, added subpars. (C) to (E), and struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: ‘‘directed to strengthening their joint and respective capabilities and to engage them more ef- fectively in research, teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food production, distribution, storage, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally underdeveloped nations.’’ Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(c)(2)(B), (4), added pars. (4) and (5). Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(d)(1), inserted ‘‘Native American land-grant colleges as authorized under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 (7 U.S.C. 301 note);’’ after ‘‘sea-grant colleges;’’ in intro- ductory provisions. Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(d)(2), substituted ‘‘extension (including outreach)’’ for ‘‘extension’’. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(e), inserted ‘‘United States’’ before ‘‘Agency’’. Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 106–373, § 2(f)—(h), added subsecs. (f) to (h). 1978—Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 95–424 struck out sub- secs. (f) defining ‘‘agriculture’’, and (g) defining ‘‘farm- ers’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. GLOBAL CROP DIVERSITY TRUST Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3202, June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1836, as amended by Pub. L. 113–79, title III, § 3206, Feb. 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 780; Pub. L. 115–334, title III, § 3310, Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 4622, provided that: ‘‘(a) CONTRIBUTION.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall contribute funds to endow the Global Crop Diversity Trust (referred to in this section as the ‘Trust’) to as- sist in the conservation of genetic diversity in food crops through the collection and storage of the germplasm of food crops in a manner that provides for— ‘‘(1) the maintenance and storage of seed collec- tions; ‘‘(2) the documentation and cataloguing of the ge- netics and characteristics of conserved seeds to en- sure efficient reference for researchers, plant breed- ers, and the public; ‘‘(3) building the capacity of seed collection in de- veloping countries; ‘‘(4) making information regarding crop genetic data publicly available for researchers, plant breed- ers, and the public (including through the provision of an accessible Internet website); ‘‘(5) the operation and maintenance of a back-up fa- cility in which are stored duplicate samples of seeds, in the case of natural or man-made disasters; and ‘‘(6) oversight designed to ensure international co- ordination of those actions and efficient, public ac- cessibility to that diversity through a cost-effective system. ‘‘(b) UNITED STATES CONTRIBUTION LIMIT.— ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The aggregate contributions of funds of the Federal Government provided to the Trust shall not exceed— ‘‘(A) for the period of fiscal years 2014 through 2018, 25 percent of the total amount of funds con- tributed to the Trust from all sources; and ‘‘(B) subject to paragraph (2), effective beginning with fiscal year 2019, 33 percent of the total amount of funds contributed to the Trust from all sources. ‘‘(2) ANNUAL LIMITATION.—The contributions of funds of the Federal Government provided to the Trust shall not exceed $5,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2023. ‘‘(c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is au- thorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $60,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2014 through 2023.’’ INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESERVE Pub. L. 95–426, title VI, § 604, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 986, provided that: ‘‘(a) The Congress finds that— ‘‘(1) half a billion people suffer regularly from mal- nutrition or undernutrition; ‘‘(2) even very modest shortfalls in crop production can result in greatly increased human suffering, and undercut the benefits of bilateral and multilateral as- sistance programs, in poor developing countries with chronic food deficits; ‘‘(3) increasing variability in world food production and trade presents a serious threat not only to con- sumers but also to producers; ‘‘(4) the World Food Conference recognized the ur- gent need for an international undertaking to achieve a system of world food security based largely upon strategic food reserves; ‘‘(5) the Congress through legislation has repeat- edly urged the President to negotiate with other na- tions to establish such a system of reserves; ‘‘(6) although the nations of the world have agreed to begin discussions on a system of grain reserves to regulate food availability, agreement on a global net- work of nationally held reserves still eludes the international community; ‘‘(7) while some progress has taken place in the United States in creating domestic farmer held re- serves, the scale of such reserves does not insure ade- quate protection against fluctuations in world pro- duction and price; and ‘‘(8) the United States, as the world’s leading pro- ducer of foodstuffs, remains in a unique position to provide the leadership necessary to make world food security a reality. ‘‘(b) It is therefore the sense of the Congress that the President should continue his efforts directed toward achievement of an agreement establishing an inter- national network of nationally held grain reserves which provides for supply assurance to consumers and income security to producers.’’ Similar provisions were contained in the following prior authorization act: Page 697 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2220b Pub. L. 95–105, title V, § 510, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 860. COMMISSION ON HUNGER AND MALNUTRITION Pub. L. 95–426, title VII, § 711, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 994, which authorized funds to be appropriated for fiscal years 1979 and 1980 for a commission to conduct studies on global hunger and malnutrition, which commission was to make recommendations to the President and Congress on policies to increase the capacity of the United States to reduce hunger and malnutrition, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, § 505(a)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299. SETTLEMENT OF DEBT OWED THE UNITED STATES Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 321, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 868, provided that: ‘‘No debt owed to the United States by any foreign country with respect to the payment of any loan made under any program funded under this Act [see Short Title of 1975 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of this title] may be settled in an amount less than the full amount of such debt unless the Con- gress by concurrent resolution approves of such settle- ment.’’ COOPERATION WITH OTHER COUNTRIES IN ALLEVIATING WORLD FOOD SHORTAGE; EMERGENCY AND HUMANI- TARIAN REQUIREMENTS Pub. L. 93–189, § 39, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 735, as amended by Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(c), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1821, provided that: ‘‘(a) It is the sense of the Congress that the United States should participate fully in efforts to alleviate current and future food shortages which threaten the world. To this end, the President shall— ‘‘(1) encourage, support, and expedite, studies relat- ing to the long-range implications of the world food situation (including studies of national and world production, distribution, and utilization of agricul- tural commodities and other foodstuffs) and support the organizing of a world food conference under United Nations auspices in 1974; ‘‘(2) request the member nations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to explore the means for assuring equitable access by all nations to na- tional markets and mineral and agricultural re- sources; ‘‘(3) consult and cooperate with appropriate inter- national agencies, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in determining the need for, the feasibility of, and cost on an equi- tably-shared basis of, establishing an international system of strategic food reserves; and ‘‘(4) report his findings and recommendations to the Congress on the implementation of this section no later than December 31, 1974. ‘‘(b) It is further the sense of the Congress that— ‘‘(1) in making assessments which would affect or relate to the level of domestic production, the Execu- tive Branch should include in the estimates of overall utilization the expected demands for humanitarian food assistance through such programs as are carried out under the Food for Peace Act (Public Law 480) [7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.]; and ‘‘(2) legislation providing increased flexibility for responding to emergency and humanitarian require- ments for food assistance should be considered as promptly as possible to the end that the last sentence of section 401 of the Food for Peace Act (Public Law 480) [7 U.S.C. 1731], may be amended by striking the period and inserting in lieu thereof a comma and the following: ‘unless the Secretary determines that some part of the exportable supply should be used to carry out the national interest and humanitarian ob- jectives of this Act [see Short Title of 1973 Amend- ment note set out under section 2151 of this title]’.’’ § 2220b. General authority (a) Programs and activities affecting univer- sities, agriculturally developing countries, and research To carry out the purposes of this subpart, the President is authorized to provide assistance on such terms and conditions as he shall deter- mine— (1) to implement program components through United States universities as author- ized by paragraphs (2) through (5) of this sub- section; (2) to build and strengthen the institutional capacity and human resource skills of agri- culturally developing countries so that these countries may participate more fully in the international agricultural problem-solving ef- fort and to introduce and adapt new solutions to local circumstances; (3) to provide long-term program support for United States university global agricultural and related environmental collaborative re- search and learning opportunities for students, teachers, extension specialists, researchers, and the general public; (4) to involve United States universities more fully in the international network of ag- ricultural science, including the international agricultural research centers, the activities of international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization, multilateral banks, the institutions of agriculturally devel- oping nations, and United States and foreign nongovernmental organizations supporting ex- tension and other productivity-enhancing pro- grams; and (5) to provide program support for inter- national agricultural research centers, to pro- vide support for research projects identified for specific problem-solving needs, and to de- velop and strengthen national research sys- tems in the developing countries. (b) Programs and activities respecting university capabilities, benefiting domestic and non- domestic agriculture, and based on existing programs and institutions Programs under this subpart shall be carried out so as to— (1) utilize and strengthen the capabilities of United States universities with public and pri- vate partners of universities in— (A) developing capacity in the cooperating nation for classroom teaching in agri- culture, plant and animal sciences, human nutrition, and vocational and domestic arts and other relevant fields appropriate to local needs; (B) agricultural research to be conducted in the cooperating nations, at international agricultural research centers, or in the United States; (C) the planning, initiation, and develop- ment of extension services through which in- formation concerning agriculture, environ- ment, and related subjects will be made available directly to agriculturalists in the agriculturally developing nations by means of education and demonstration; or