45 U.S.C. § 16 — Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5,

Page 2 TITLE 45—RAILROADS § 15 continued to maintain designations of safety appli- ances by Secretary of Transportation as standards of equipment for railroad cars, unless changed by order of Secretary, and authorized Secretary to modify stand- ard height of drawbars. See sections 20302 and 21302 of Title 49. Section 13, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 4, 36 Stat. 299; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–135, § 1(2), 71 Stat. 352; July 8, 1976, Pub. L. 94–348, § 3(b), 90 Stat. 818; Nov. 2, 1978, Pub. L. 95–574, § 7(b), 92 Stat. 2461; Jan. 14, 1983, Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 704, 96 Stat. 2580; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(C), 102 Stat. 632; Sept. 3, 1992, Pub. L. 102–365, §§ 4(a)(1), (c)(4), 9(a)(5), 106 Stat. 973, 974, 978, re- lated to penalty for using cars not equipped as provided by sections 1 to 16 of this title, with provisos for haul- ing cars for repairs when equipment becomes defective, liability for death or injury to employees in connection with such hauling, and use of chains instead of draw- bars in conducting such hauling. See sections 20303, 21302, and 21304 of Title 49. Section 14, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 5, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(D), 102 Stat. 632, re- lated to liability for using cars with defective or inse- cure equipment. See section 21302 of Title 49. § 15. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–449, § 7(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2444 Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 6, 36 Stat. 299; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(C), 80 Stat. 939, pro- vided that it was the duty of the Secretary of Transpor- tation to enforce the provisions of sections 11 to 16 of this title as to equipment of each car with safety appli- ances and that all powers theretofore granted to the Interstate Commerce Commission were extended to the Secretary for the purpose of such enforcement. See sec- tion 501(b) of Title 49, Transportation. § 16. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 Section, acts Apr. 14, 1910, ch. 160, § 1, 36 Stat. 298; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 13(3)(E), 102 Stat. 632, de- fined ‘‘railroad’’ as used in sections 1 to 16 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation. §§ 17 to 21. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–468, title VII, § 705, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2580 Section 17, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, §§ 1, 2, 35 Stat. 476, related to locomotives to be equipped with safety ash pans. Section 18, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 3, 35 Stat. 476; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, § 1, 62 Stat. 909; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, set forth penalties for violations and authorized United States attorneys to bring actions for enforcement of provisions. Section 19, acts May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 4, 35 Stat. 476; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(D), 80 Stat. 939, pro- vided for enforcement of the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title by the Secretary of Transportation. Section 20, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 5, 35 Stat. 476, specified those to be included in the term ‘‘common carrier’’. Section 21, act May 30, 1908, ch. 225, § 6, 35 Stat. 476, provided that the provisions of sections 17 to 21 of this title not be applicable to locomotives on which an ash pan is not necessary. §§ 22 to 43a. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–272, § 7(b), July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1379 Section 22, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 1, 36 Stat. 913; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 1, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(1), 102 Stat. 632, defined ‘‘railroad’’ as used in sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title. See section 20102 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 23, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 2, 36 Stat. 913; Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, § 1, 38 Stat. 1192; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 2, 43 Stat. 659; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(2), 102 Stat. 632, made it unlawful for railroads to use loco- motives and appurtenances unless they were safe and inspected in accordance with provisions of sections 22 to 29 and 31 to 34 of this title and tested as prescribed by rules and regulations. See section 20701 of Title 49. Section 24, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 3, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 1, 61 Stat. 120; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, § 1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(3), 102 Stat. 633, provided for appointment and sala- ries of a director of locomotive inspection and two as- sistant directors of locomotive inspection, and was pre- viously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, eff. July 27, 1965, 30 F.R. 9351, 79 Stat. 1320, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organiza- tion and Employees, which abolished the offices of di- rector of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and district inspectors of loco- motives. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 6, 43 Stat. 659; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, § 1, 46 Stat. 822, which provided for the pay of chief inspec- tor, assistant inspectors, and district directors of loco- motives, and related to office allowances for each in- spector, and which were cited as a credit to section 24, were repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 646, 648. Section 25, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 3, 36 Stat. 914; June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 3, 43 Stat. 659; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 1, 61 Stat. 120, provided for location of office of director of locomotive inspection in Washington, D.C., and for staffing of such office, and was previously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Section 26, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 4, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; May 27, 1947, ch. 85, § 2, 61 Stat. 120, directed director of locomotive in- spection to divide country into 50 locomotive boiler in- spection districts so as to most effectively divide up work of inspector for each such district, and was pre- viously omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5, which abol- ished the offices of director of locomotive inspection, assistant directors of locomotive inspection, and dis- trict inspectors of locomotives, together with the func- tion of the director of locomotive inspection with re- spect to dividing the country into districts. Acts June 26, 1918, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 616; June 27, 1930, ch. 644, § 2, 46 Stat. 823, which were cited as a credit to section 26, were repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, § 8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 643, 648. Section 27, act Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 4 (par), as added June 7, 1924, ch. 355, § 4, 43 Stat. 659; amended Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148, authorized appointment of 15 additional boiler inspectors over and above number authorized by section 26 of this title as the needs of the service may require, and was previously omitted pursu- ant to Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1965, formerly set out in the Appendix to Title 5. Section 28, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 5, 36 Stat. 914; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(4), 102 Stat. 633, related to rules and in- structions for inspection of locomotive boilers. See sec- tion 20702 of Title 49, Transportation. Section 29, acts Feb. 17, 1911, ch. 103, § 6, 36 Stat. 915; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 1, 54 Stat. 148; Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–670, § 6(e)(1)(E), 80 Stat. 939; Oct. 10, 1980, Pub. L. 96–423, § 13, 94 Stat. 1816; June 22, 1988, Pub. L. 100–342, § 14(5), 102 Stat. 633, related to duties of district inspec- tors to make railroads inspect and repair locomotive boilers and notify railroads when boilers were not in serviceable condition and provided that railroads could appeal to director of locomotive inspection to have boiler reexamined and could then appeal to Secretary of Transportation if district inspector’s decision was sustained by director. See section 20702 of Title 49. Section 30, acts Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 169, § 2, 38 Stat. 1192; Apr. 22, 1940, ch. 124, § 2, 54 Stat. 148, related to powers,