29 U.S.C. § 168 — Validation of certificates and other Board

Page 52 TITLE 29—LABOR § 167 (July 5, 1935, ch. 372, § 16, 49 Stat. 457; June 23, 1947, ch. 120, title I, § 101, 61 Stat. 151.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1947—Act June 23, 1947, amended section generally by inserting new subject matter which was formerly cov- ered by section 165 of this title. Section formerly re- ferred to short title of chapter, see section 167 of this title. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1947 AMENDMENT For effective date of amendment by act June 23, 1947, see section 104 of act June 23, 1947, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. § 167. Short title of subchapter This subchapter may be cited as the ‘‘National Labor Relations Act’’. (July 5, 1935, ch. 372, § 17, as added June 23, 1947, ch. 120, title I, § 101, 61 Stat. 152.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE For effective date of amendment by act June 23, 1947, see section 104 of act June 23, 1947, set out as a note under section 151 of this title. § 168. Validation of certificates and other Board actions No petition entertained, no investigation made, no election held, and no certification issued by the National Labor Relations Board, under any of the provisions of section 159 of this title, shall be invalid by reason of the failure of the Congress of Industrial Organizations to have complied with the requirements of section 159(f), (g), or (h) of this title prior to December 22, 1949, or by reason of the failure of the American Fed- eration of Labor to have complied with the pro- visions of section 159(f), (g), or (h) of this title prior to November 7, 1947: Provided, That no li- ability shall be imposed under any provision of this chapter upon any person for failure to honor any election or certificate referred to above, prior to October 22, 1951: Provided, how- ever, That this proviso shall not have the effect of setting aside or in any way affecting judg- ments or decrees heretofore entered under sec- tion 160(e) or (f) of this title and which have be- come final. (July 5, 1935, ch. 372, § 18, as added Oct. 22, 1951, ch. 534, § 1(a), 65 Stat. 601.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Section 159(f), (g), or (h) of this title, referred to in text, was repealed by Pub. L. 86–257, title II, § 201(d), 73 Stat. 525. See section 431 of this title. § 169. Employees with religious convictions; pay- ment of dues and fees Any employee who is a member of and adheres to established and traditional tenets or teach- ings of a bona fide religion, body, or sect which has historically held conscientious objections to joining or financially supporting labor organiza- tions shall not be required to join or financially support any labor organization as a condition of employment; except that such employee may be required in a contract between such employees’ employer and a labor organization in lieu of periodic dues and initiation fees, to pay sums equal to such dues and initiation fees to a non- religious, nonlabor organization charitable fund exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3) of title 26, chosen by such employee from a list of at least three such funds, designated in such contract or if the contract fails to designate such funds, then to any such fund chosen by the employee. If such employee who holds conscien- tious objections pursuant to this section re- quests the labor organization to use the griev- ance-arbitration procedure on the employee’s behalf, the labor organization is authorized to charge the employee for the reasonable cost of using such procedure. (July 5, 1935, ch. 372, § 19, as added Pub. L. 93–360, § 3, July 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 397; amended Pub. L. 96–593, Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3452.) Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1980—Pub. L. 96–593 inserted reference to nonlabor or- ganization and provisions respecting charges to em- ployee for use of grievance-arbitration procedure, and struck out applicability of provisions to employees of health care institutions only. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Pub. L. 93–360, § 4, July 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 397, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [enacting this section and section 183 of this title and amending sections 152 and 158 of this title] shall become effective on the thirtieth day after its date of enactment [July 26, 1974].’’ SUBCHAPTER III—CONCILIATION OF LABOR DISPUTES; NATIONAL EMERGENCIES § 171. Declaration of purpose and policy It is the policy of the United States that— (a) sound and stable industrial peace and the advancement of the general welfare, health, and safety of the Nation and of the best inter- ests of employers and employees can most sat- isfactorily be secured by the settlement of issues between employers and employees through the processes of conference and col- lective bargaining between employers and the representatives of their employees; (b) the settlement of issues between employ- ers and employees through collective bar- gaining may be advanced by making available full and adequate governmental facilities for conciliation, mediation, and voluntary arbi- tration to aid and encourage employers and the representatives of their employees to reach and maintain agreements concerning rates of pay, hours, and working conditions, and to make all reasonable efforts to settle their differences by mutual agreement reached through conferences and collective bargaining or by such methods as may be provided for in any applicable agreement for the settlement of disputes; and