2 U.S.C. § 654 — Study by Government Accountability Of-

Page 204 TITLE 2—THE CONGRESS § 654 fective and in each of the four fiscal years following such fiscal year, together with the basis for each such estimate;’’. Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–4, § 104(1)(C), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (2). Pub. L. 104–4, § 104(1)(B), which directed the substi- tution of ‘‘paragraph (1)’’ for ‘‘paragraphs (1) and (2)’’, was executed by making the substitution for ‘‘para- graph (1) and (2)’’ to reflect the probable intent of Con- gress. Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104–4, § 104(1)(C), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 104–4, § 104(3), struck out sub- secs. (b) and (c) which read as follows: ‘‘(b) For purposes of subsection (a)(2) of this section, the term ‘local government’ has the same meaning as in section 6501 of title 31. ‘‘(c) For purposes of subsection (a)(2) of this section, the term ‘significant bill or resolution’ is defined as any bill or resolution which in the judgment of the Di- rector of the Congressional Budget Office is likely to result in an annual cost to State and local governments of $200,000,000 or more, or is likely to have exceptional fiscal consequences for a geographic region or a par- ticular level of government.’’ 1985—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–177 added par. (4) and substituted ‘‘estimates, comparison, and description’’ for ‘‘estimates and comparison’’ in last sentence. 1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–108, § 2(a)(1)–(6), des- ignated existing provisions as subsec. (a), added par. (2), redesignated former par. (2) as (3), in par. (3) as so re- designated, substituted ‘‘estimates’’ for ‘‘estimate’’ in two places, and substituted reference to pars. (1) and (2) for reference to par. (1), and in provision following par. (3) substituted ‘‘estimates’’ for ‘‘estimate’’. Subsecs. (b) and (c). Pub. L. 97–108, § 2(a)(7), added subsecs. (b) and (c). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 104–4 effective Jan. 1, 1996, or on the date 90 days after appropriations are made avail- able as authorized under section 1516 of this title, whichever is earlier, and applicable to legislation con- sidered on and after such date, see section 110 of Pub. L. 104–4, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1511 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1985 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 99–177 effective Dec. 12, 1985, and applicable with respect to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1985, see section 275(a)(1) of Pub. L. 99–177, formerly set out as an Effective and Termi- nation Dates note under section 900 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 112–25, title I, § 104(a), Aug. 2, 2011, 125 Stat. 246. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1981 AMENDMENT Pub. L. 97–108, § 2(b), Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1511, pro- vided that: ‘‘The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to bills or resolutions reported by committees of the House of Representatives and the Senate after September 30, 1982.’’ EFFECTIVE DATE Amendment by Pub. L. 93–344 effective on day on which first Director of Congressional Budget Office is appointed under section 601(a) of this title, see section 905(b) of Pub. L. 93–344, formerly set out as an Effective Date note under section 621 of this title. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS Pub. L. 97–108, § 3, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1511, provided that: ‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 621 of this title].’’ EXPIRATION OF AUTHORIZATION Pub. L. 97–108, § 4, Dec. 23, 1981, 95 Stat. 1511, which provided for expiration on Sept. 30, 1987, of authoriza- tion granted under Pub. L. 97–108, which amended this section and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 621 and 653 of this title, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–119, title II, § 204, Sept. 29, 1987, 101 Stat. 784. § 654. Study by Government Accountability Of- fice of forms of Federal financial commit- ment not reviewed annually by Congress The Government Accountability Office shall study those provisions of law which provide mandatory spending and report to the Congress its recommendations for the appropriate form of financing for activities or programs financed by such provisions not later than eighteen months after December 12, 1985. Such report shall be re- vised from time to time. (Pub. L. 93–344, title IV, § 404, formerly § 405, as added Pub. L. 99–177, title II, § 214, Dec. 12, 1985, 99 Stat. 1059; renumbered § 404 and amended Pub. L. 105–33, title X, § 10116(c)(1), (2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 692; Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.) Editorial Notes PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 404 of Pub. L. 93–344, which is not clas- sified to the Code, was renumbered section 403 by Pub. L. 105–33, title X, § 10116(c)(1), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 692. AMENDMENTS 2004—Pub. L. 108–271 substituted ‘‘Government Ac- countability Office’’ for ‘‘General Accounting Office’’ in section catchline and text. 1997—Pub. L. 105–33, § 10116(c)(2), substituted ‘‘manda- tory spending’’ for ‘‘spending authority as described by section 651(c)(2) of this title and which provide perma- nent appropriations,’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE Section effective Dec. 12, 1985, and applicable with re- spect to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1985, see section 275(a)(1) of Pub. L. 99–177, formerly set out as an Effective and Termination Dates note under section 900 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 112–25, title I, § 104(a), Aug. 2, 2011, 125 Stat. 246. § 655. Off-budget agencies, programs, and activi- ties (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, budget authority, credit authority, and es- timates of outlays and receipts for activities of the Federal budget which are off-budget imme- diately prior to December 12, 1985, not including activities of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds, shall be included in a budget sub- mitted pursuant to section 1105 of title 31 and in a concurrent resolution on the budget reported pursuant to section 632 or section 635 of this title and shall be considered, for purposes of this Act, budget authority, outlays, and spending au- thority in accordance with definitions set forth in this Act. (b) All receipts and disbursements of the Fed- eral Financing Bank with respect to any obliga-