28 U.S.C. § 293 — Judges of the Court of International Trade

Page 108 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 293 1 So in original. No subsec. (b) has been enacted. judge to serve as a judge of the Court of Inter- national Trade upon presentation to him of a certificate of necessity by the chief judge of the court. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 901; July 28, 1953, ch. 253, § 3, 67 Stat. 226; Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1263, § 39(c), 68 Stat. 1240; July 9, 1956, ch. 517, § 1(b), 70 Stat. 497; July 14, 1956, ch. 589, § 2, 70 Stat. 532; Pub. L. 85–755, § 3, Aug. 25, 1958, 72 Stat. 848; Pub. L. 91–358, title I, § 172(e), July 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 591; Pub. L. 95–598, title II, §§ 203, 204, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2660; Pub. L. 96–417, title V, § 501(7), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1742; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 109, Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 28.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., §§ 17, 21 and 216 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §§ 13, 17, 120, 36 Stat. 1089, 1132; Sept. 14, 1922, ch. 306, § 3, 42 Stat. 839; Aug. 24, 1937, ch. 754, § 4, 50 Stat. 753; Dec. 29, 1942, ch. 835, § 1, 56 Stat. 1094). Section consolidates and simplifies all provisions of sections 17, 21 and 216 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., relat- ing to designation and assignment of district judges. Term ‘‘chief judge’’ was substituted for ‘‘senior cir- cuit judge.’’ (See Reviser’s Note under section 136 of this title.) Sections 17 and 21 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., were in- consistent insofar as the words ‘‘or in his absence, the circuit judges thereof,’’ appearing in said section 17 were not in section 21, and the words ‘‘senior circuit judge then present in the circuit,’’ appearing in section 21 were not in section 17. The revised section omits all such words and leaves designation of assignment to the chief judge of the circuit. If the chief judge is unable to perform his duties they devolve, under section 45 of this title, upon the circuit judge next in seniority of com- mission. The provision of said section 17, that designation of a district judge to another circuit should be from an adjacent circuit if practicable, was omitted as an un- necessary restriction on the discretion of the Chief Jus- tice. Section 19 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., is omitted as unnecessary. It authorized the Chief Justice of the United States to designate and assign any district judge to a district upon receiving a certificate from the clerk of the district that all circuit judges and the cir- cuit justice were absent from the circuit, or were un- able to appoint a substitute judge for the district,or where the district judge actually designated was dis- abled or neglected to hold court. For omission of reference in said section 17 to senior Associate Justice, see reviser’s note under section 291 of this title. Reference in said section 17 to retired judges were omitted as covered by section 294 of this title. Other provisions of said section 17 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 291, 295, and 296 of this title. Other provisions of said section 216 of such title are incorporated in sections 45 and 47 of this title. Words ‘‘either in a district court or court of appeals’’ were inserted in subsection (c) as suggested by Hon. Learned Hand, Senior Circuit Judge of the Second Cir- cuit. The revised section permits a district judge to be assigned directly to the circuit court of appeals of an- other circuit. Under existing law it has been assumed that he must be assigned to serve as a district judge on the other circuit and then designated to serve on the circuit court of appeals by that court in which his serv- ices are required. Many changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1982—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–164 struck out ‘‘the Court of Claims, the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals or’’ after ‘‘to serve as a judge of’’ and ‘‘in which the need arises’’ after ‘‘chief judge of the court’’. 1980—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–417 redesignated the Cus- toms Court as the Court of International Trade. 1978—Subsecs. (b), (d). Pub. L. 95–598 directed the amendment of subsec. (b) by substituting ‘‘to hold a district court or a bankruptcy court’’ for ‘‘to hold a dis- trict court’’ and the amendment of subsec. (d) by sub- stituting ‘‘in a bankruptcy court, district court, or court of appeals’’ for ‘‘either in a district court or court of appeals’’, which amendments did not become effec- tive pursuant to section 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. 1970—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 91–358 added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) and (d) as (d) and (e), respectively. 1958—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 85–755 reenacted sub- secs. (a) to (c) without change. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85–755 incorporated provisions for assignment of district judges to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals and the Customs Court, formerly contained in section 293 of this title and subsec. (f) of this section. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 85–755 struck out subsec. (e) which provided for assignment of judges of the Court of Claims to district courts. See section 293(a) of this title. Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 85–755 struck out subsec. (f) which provided for assignment of district judges to the Cus- toms Court. See subsec. (d) of this section. 1956—Subsec. (e). Act July 9, 1956, added subsec. (e). Subsec. (f). Act July 14, 1956, added subsec. (f). 1954—Subsec. (d). Act Sept. 3, 1954, struck out ‘‘United States’’ from name of Court of Claims. 1953—Subsec. (d). Act July 28, 1953, added subsec. (d). Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96–417 effective Nov. 1, 1980, and applicable with respect to civil actions pending on or commenced on or after such date, see section 701(a) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as a note under section 251 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91–358 effective on first day of seventh calendar month which begins after July 29, 1970, see section 199(a) of Pub. L. 91–358, set out as a note under section 1257 of this title. JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES COURT OF CUSTOMS AND PATENT APPEALS Amendment by Pub. L. 85–755 not limiting or altering the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals [now United States Court of Ap- peals for the Federal Circuit], see section 7 of Pub. L. 85–755, set out as a note under section 291 of this title. LIMITATION OR ALTERATION OF JURISDICTION Amendment by act July 14, 1956, not to be construed as limiting or altering the jurisdiction heretofore con- ferred upon the Customs Court [now United States Court of International Trade], see section 4 of act July 14, 1956, set out as a note under section 251 of this title. § 293. Judges of the Court of International Trade (a) 1 The Chief Justice of the United States may designate and assign temporarily any judge Page 109 TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE § 294 of the Court of International Trade to perform judicial duties in any circuit, either in a court of appeals or district court, upon presentation of a certificate of necessity by the chief judge or circuit justice of the circuit in which the need arises. (June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 901; July 14, 1956, ch. 589, § 3(a), 70 Stat. 532; Pub. L. 85–755, § 4, Aug. 25, 1958, 72 Stat. 848; Pub. L. 95–598, title II, § 205, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2660; Pub. L. 96–417, title I, § 102, title V, § 501(8), Oct. 10, 1980, 94 Stat. 1727, 1742; Pub. L. 97–164, title I, § 110(a), (b), Apr. 2, 1982, 96 Stat. 29.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Based on title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 301 (Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, § 188, 36 Stat. 1143; Mar. 2, 1929, ch. 488, § 1, 45 Stat. 1475). Section simplifies last sentence of section 301 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., and is in conformity with other des- ignation and assignment provisions of this chapter. Other provisions of said section 301 of title 28, U.S.C., 1940 ed., are incorporated in sections 211–213, 215, and 296 of this title. This section transfers from the President to the Chief Justice of the United States the authority to designate and assign which is in conformity with sections 201 and 292 of this title. The words ‘‘he is willing to undertake’’ were added to make clear that such service is voluntary. The term ‘‘chief judge’’ was substituted for ‘‘pre- siding judge.’’ (See reviser’s note under section 136 of this title.) Changes were made in phraseology. Editorial Notes AMENDMENTS 1982—Pub. L. 97–164, § 110(b), substituted ‘‘the Court of International Trade’’ for ‘‘other courts’’ in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–164, § 110(a)(1), (2), redesignated subsec. (b) as (a). Former subsec. (a), which authorized the Chief Justice to designate and assign judges of the Court of Claims or the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to serve temporarily on the other of these two courts or in a court of appeals or district court of any circuit in times of necessity, was struck out. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–164, § 110(a)(2), (3), redesignated subsec. (e), as that subsec. was to have become effective pursuant to Pub. L. 95–598, as subsec. (b). Former sub- sec. (b) redesignated (a). See 1978 Amendment note below. Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 97–164, § 110(a)(1), struck out subsecs. (c) and (d) which related, respectively, to the authority of the chief judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to designate and assign tempo- rarily any judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to serve as a judge of the Court of Inter- national Trade and to the authority of the chief judge of the Court of International Trade to designate and as- sign temporarily any judge of the Court of Inter- national Trade to serve as a judge of the Court of Cus- toms and Patent Appeals or the Court of Claims. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–164, § 110(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (e), as that subsec. was to have become effective pursuant to Pub. L. 95–598, as subsec. (b). See 1978 Amendment note below. 1980—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–417, § 102(a), redesignated the Customs Court as the Court of International Trade and authorized performance of judicial functions in a court of appeals. Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–417, § 501(8), redesignated the Customs Court as the Court of International Trade. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–417, § 102(b), redesignated the Customs Court as the Court of International Trade and authorized temporary assignments to the Court of Claims of judges of the Court of International Trade upon presentation of a certificate of necessity by the chief judge of the Court of Claims. 1978—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–598 directed the amend- ment of this section by adding subsec. (e) relating to temporary assignments of bankruptcy judges, which amendment did not become effective pursuant to sec- tion 402(b) of Pub. L. 95–598, as amended, set out as an Effective Date note preceding section 101 of Title 11, Bankruptcy. 1958—Pub. L. 85–755 substituted ‘‘Judges of other courts’’ for ‘‘Circuit or district judges to court of cus- toms and patent appeals’’ in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–755 added subsec. (a). It incor- porates provisions of former sections 291(a), (b) and 292(e) of this title respecting assignment of any judge of the Court of Claims to serve as circuit judge in any cir- cuit, assignment of judges of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to serve as judges of the Court of Ap- peals or the District Court of Appeals or the District Court for the District of Columbia, and assignment of judges of the Court of Claims to district courts, respec- tively. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–755 designated existing second par. as subsec. (b). Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 85–755 added subsecs. (c) and (d). 1956—Act July 14, 1956, authorized the Chief Justice of the United States to designate and assign temporarily a judge of the Customs Court to perform judicial duties in a district court in any circuit. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97–164 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 402 of Pub. L. 97–164, set out as a note under section 171 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96–417 effective Nov. 1, 1980, and applicable with respect to civil actions pending on or commenced on or after such date, see section 701(a) of Pub. L. 96–417, set out as a note under section 251 of this title. JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES COURT OF CUSTOMS AND PATENT APPEALS Amendment by Pub. L. 85–755 not limiting or altering the jurisdiction of the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals [now United States Court of Ap- peals for the Federal Circuit], see section 7 of Pub. L. 85–755, set out as a note under section 291 of this title. LIMITATION OR ALTERATION OF JURISDICTION Amendment by act July 14, 1956, not to be construed as limiting or altering the jurisdiction heretofore con- ferred upon the Customs Court [now United States Court of International Trade], see section 4 of act July 14, 1956, set out as a note under section 251 of this title. § 294. Assignment of retired Justices or judges to active duty (a) Any retired Chief Justice of the United States or Associate Justice of the Supreme Court may be designated and assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to perform such judicial duties in any circuit, including those of a circuit justice, as he is willing to un- dertake. (b) Any judge of the United States who has re- tired from regular active service under section 371(b) or 372(a) of this title shall be known and designated as a senior judge and may continue to perform such judicial duties as he is willing and able to undertake, when designated and as- signed as provided in subsections (c) and (d).