51 U.S.C. § 71302 — Information sharing to avoid physical or

Page 184 TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS § 71102 1 So in original. The comma probably should be preceded by ‘‘to’’. a comprehensive program in order to be ready to eliminate and mitigate the serious and credible threats to humankind posed by potentially hazardous near-Earth asteroids and comets. ‘‘(7) As a first step to eliminate and to mitigate the risk of such collisions, situation and decision anal- ysis processes, as well as procedures and system re- sources, must be in place well before a collision threat becomes known.’’ § 71102. Requests for information The Administrator shall issue requests for in- formation on— (1) a low-cost space mission with the purpose of rendezvousing with, attaching a tracking device,1 and characterizing the Apophis aster- oid; and (2) a medium-sized space mission with the purpose of detecting near-Earth objects equal to or greater than 140 meters in diameter. (Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3439.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 71102 .......... 42 U.S.C. 17793. Pub. L. 110–422, title VIII, § 803, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4803. § 71103. Developing policy and recommending re- sponsible Federal agency Within 2 years after October 15, 2008, the Di- rector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall— (1) develop a policy for notifying Federal agencies and relevant emergency response in- stitutions of an impending near-Earth object threat, if near-term public safety is at risk; and (2) recommend a Federal agency or agencies to be responsible for— (A) protecting the United States from a near-Earth object that is expected to collide with Earth; and (B) implementing a deflection campaign, in consultation with international bodies, should one be necessary. (Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3439.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 71103 .......... 42 U.S.C. 17794. Pub. L. 110–422, title VIII, § 804, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4804. In the matter before paragraph (1), the date ‘‘October 15, 2008’’ is substituted for ‘‘the date of enactment of this Act’’ to reflect the date of enactment of the Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administration Author- ization Act of 2008. § 71104. Planetary radar The Administrator shall maintain a planetary radar that is comparable to the capability pro- vided through the Deep Space Network Goldstone facility of the Administration. (Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3439.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 71104 .......... 42 U.S.C. 17795. Pub. L. 110–422, title VIII, § 805, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4804. CHAPTER 713—COOPERATION FOR SAFETY AMONG SPACEFARING NATIONS Sec. 71301. Common docking system standard to enable rescue. 71302. Information sharing to avoid physical or radio-frequency interference. § 71301. Common docking system standard to en- able rescue In order to maximize the ability to rescue as- tronauts whose space vehicles have become dis- abled, the Administrator shall enter into discus- sions with the appropriate representatives of spacefaring nations who have or plan to have crew transportation systems capable of orbital flight or flight beyond low Earth orbit for the purpose of agreeing on a common docking sys- tem standard. (Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3439.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 71301 .......... 42 U.S.C. 17734. Pub. L. 110–422, title IV, § 407, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4790. § 71302. Information sharing to avoid physical or radio-frequency interference The Administrator shall, in consultation with other agencies of the Federal Government as the Administrator considers appropriate, initiate discussions with the appropriate representatives of spacefaring nations to determine an appro- priate frame-work under which information in- tended to promote safe access into outer space, operations in outer space, and return from outer space to Earth free from physical or radio-fre- quency interference can be shared among the nations. (Pub. L. 111–314, § 3, Dec. 18, 2010, 124 Stat. 3440.) HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES Revised Section Source (U.S. Code) Source (Statutes at Large) 71302 .......... 42 U.S.C. 17821(b). Pub. L. 110–422, title XI, § 1102(b), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4808. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries FINDING Pub. L. 110–422, title XI, § 1102(a), Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4808, provided that: ‘‘Congress finds that as more countries acquire the capability for launching payloads into outer space, there is an increasing need for a framework under which information intended to pro- mote safe access into outer space, operations in outer space, and return from outer space to Earth free from physical or radio-frequency interference can be shared among those countries.’’ Page 185 TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS § 71302 Executive Documents SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE–3. NATIONAL SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT POLICY Space Policy Directive–3, June 18, 2018, 83 F.R. 28969, provided: Memorandum for the Vice President[,] the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Commerce[,] the Secretary of Transportation[,] the Secretary of Homeland Security[,] the Director of Na- tional Intelligence[,] the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget[,] the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[,] the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration[,] the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy[,] the Deputy Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism[, and] the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff SECTION 1. Policy. For decades, the United States has effectively reaped the benefits of operating in space to enhance our national security, civil, and commercial sectors. Our society now depends on space technologies and space-based capabilities for communications, navi- gation, weather forecasting, and much more. Given the significance of space activities, the United States con- siders the continued unfettered access to and freedom to operate in space of vital interest to advance the se- curity, economic prosperity, and scientific knowledge of the Nation. Today, space is becoming increasingly congested and contested, and that trend presents challenges for the safety, stability, and sustainability of U.S. space oper- ations. Already, the Department of Defense (DoD) tracks over 20,000 objects in space, and that number will increase dramatically as new, more capable sen- sors come online and are able to detect smaller objects. DoD publishes a catalog of space objects and makes no- tifications of potential conjunctions (that is, two or more objects coming together at the same or nearly the same point in time and space). As the number of space objects increases, however, this limited traffic manage- ment activity and architecture will become inadequate. At the same time, the contested nature of space is in- creasing the demand for DoD focus on protecting and defending U.S. space assets and interests. The future space operating environment will also be shaped by a significant increase in the volume and di- versity of commercial activity in space. Emerging com- mercial ventures such as satellite servicing, debris re- moval, in-space manufacturing, and tourism, as well as new technologies enabling small satellites and very large constellations of satellites, are increasingly out- pacing efforts to develop and implement government policies and processes to address these new activities. To maintain U.S. leadership in space, we must de- velop a new approach to space traffic management (STM) that addresses current and future operational risks. This new approach must set priorities for space situational awareness (SSA) and STM innovation in science and technology (S&T), incorporate national se- curity considerations, encourage growth of the U.S. commercial space sector, establish an updated STM ar- chitecture, and promote space safety standards and best practices across the international community. The United States recognizes that spaceflight safety is a global challenge and will continue to encourage safe and responsible behavior in space while empha- sizing the need for international transparency and STM data sharing. Through this national policy for STM and other national space strategies and policies, the United States will enhance safety and ensure continued leader- ship, preeminence, and freedom of action in space. SEC. 2. Definitions. For the purposes of this memo- randum, the following definitions shall apply: (a) Space Situational Awareness shall mean the knowledge and characterization of space objects and their operational environment to support safe, stable, and sustainable space activities. (b) Space Traffic Management shall mean the plan- ning, coordination, and on-orbit synchronization of ac- tivities to enhance the safety, stability, and sustain- ability of operations in the space environment. (c) Orbital debris, or space debris, shall mean any human-made space object orbiting Earth that no longer serves any useful purpose. SEC. 3. Principles. The United States recognizes, and encourages other nations to recognize, the following principles: (a) Safety, stability, and operational sustainability are foundational to space activities, including commer- cial, civil, and national security activities. It is a shared interest and responsibility of all spacefaring na- tions to create the conditions for a safe, stable, and operationally sustainable space environment. (b) Timely and actionable SSA data and STM services are essential to space activities. Consistent with na- tional security constraints, basic U.S. Government-de- rived SSA data and basic STM services should be avail- able free of direct user fees. (c) Orbital debris presents a growing threat to space operations. Debris mitigation guidelines, standards, and policies should be revised periodically, enforced do- mestically, and adopted internationally to mitigate the operational effects of orbital debris. (d) A STM framework consisting of best practices, technical guidelines, safety standards, behavioral norms, pre-launch risk assessments, and on-orbit colli- sion avoidance services is essential to preserve the space operational environment. SEC. 4. Goals. Consistent with the principles listed in section 3 of this memorandum, the United States should continue to lead the world in creating the condi- tions for a safe, stable, and operationally sustainable space environment. Toward this end, executive depart- ments and agencies (agencies) shall pursue the fol- lowing goals as required in section 6 of this memo- randum: (a) Advance SSA and STM Science and Technology. The United States should continue to engage in and enable S&T research and development to support the practical applications of SSA and STM. These activities include improving fundamental knowledge of the space envi- ronment, such as the characterization of small debris, advancing the S&T of critical SSA inputs such as ob- servational data, algorithms, and models necessary to improve SSA capabilities, and developing new hard- ware and software to support data processing and ob- servations. (b) Mitigate the effect of orbital debris on space activities. The volume and location of orbital debris are growing threats to space activities. It is in the interest of all to minimize new debris and mitigate effects of existing debris. This fact, along with increasing numbers of ac- tive satellites, highlights the need to update existing orbital debris mitigation guidelines and practices to enable more efficient and effective compliance, and es- tablish standards that can be adopted internationally. These trends also highlight the need to establish sat- ellite safety design guidelines and best practices. (c) Encourage and facilitate U.S. commercial leadership in S&T, SSA, and STM. Fostering continued growth and innovation in the U.S. commercial space sector, which includes S&T, SSA, and STM activities, is in the na- tional interest of the United States. To achieve this goal, the U.S. Government should streamline processes and reduce regulatory burdens that could inhibit com- mercial sector growth and innovation, enabling the U.S. commercial sector to continue to lead the world in STM-related technologies, goods, data, and services on the international market. (d) Provide U.S. Government-supported basic SSA data and basic STM services to the public. The United States should continue to make available basic SSA data and basic STM services (including conjunction and reentry notifications) free of direct user fees while supporting new opportunities for U.S. commercial and non-profit SSA data and STM services. (e) Improve SSA data interoperability and enable greater SSA data sharing. SSA data must be timely and accu- rate. It is in the national interest of the United States Page 186 TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS § 71302 to improve SSA data interoperability and enable great- er SSA data sharing among all space operators, con- sistent with national security constraints. The United States should seek to lead the world in the develop- ment of improved SSA data standards and information sharing. (f) Develop STM standards and best practices. As the leader in space, the United States supports the develop- ment of operational standards and best practices to promote safe and responsible behavior in space. A crit- ical first step in carrying out that goal is to develop U.S.-led minimum safety standards and best practices to coordinate space traffic. U.S. regulatory agencies should, as appropriate, adopt these standards and best practices in domestic regulatory frameworks and use them to inform and help shape international consensus practices and standards. (g) Prevent unintentional radio frequency (RF) inter- ference. Growing orbital congestion is increasing the risk to U.S. space assets from unintentional RF inter- ference. The United States should continue to improve policies, processes, and technologies for spectrum use (including allocations and licensing) to address these challenges and ensure appropriate spectrum use for current and future operations. (h) Improve the U.S. domestic space object registry. Transparency and data sharing are essential to safe, stable, and sustainable space operations. Consistent with national security constraints, the United States should streamline the interagency process to ensure ac- curate and timely registration submissions to the United Nations (UN), in accordance with our inter- national obligations under the Convention on Registra- tion of Objects Launched into Outer Space. (i) Develop policies and regulations for future U.S. or- bital operations. Increasing congestion in key orbits and maneuver-based missions such as servicing, survey, and assembly will drive the need for policy development for national security, civil, and commercial sector space activities. Consistent with U.S. law and international obligations, the United States should regularly assess existing guidelines for non-government orbital activi- ties, and maintain a timely and responsive regulatory environment for licensing these activities. SEC. 5. Guidelines. In pursuit of the principles and goals of this policy, agencies should observe the fol- lowing guidelines: (a) Managing the Integrity of the Space Operating Envi- ronment. (i) Improving SSA coverage and accuracy. Timely, accurate, and actionable data are essential for effective SSA and STM. The United States should seek to mini- mize deficiencies in SSA capability, particularly cov- erage in regions with limited sensor availability and sensitivity in detection of small debris, through SSA data sharing, the purchase of SSA data, or the provi- sion of new sensors. New U.S. sensors are expected to reveal a substan- tially greater volume of debris and improve our under- standing of space object size distributions in various re- gions of space. However, very small debris may not be sufficiently tracked to enable or justify actionable col- lision avoidance decisions. As a result, close conjunc- tions and even collisions with unknown objects are pos- sible, and satellite operators often lack sufficient in- sight to assess their level of risk when making maneu- vering decisions. The United States should develop bet- ter tracking capabilities, and new means to catalog such debris, and establish a quality threshold for ac- tionable collision avoidance warning to minimize false alarms. Through both Government and commercial sector S&T investment, the United States should advance concepts and capabilities to improve SSA in support of debris mitigation and collision avoidance decisions. (ii) Establishing an Open Architecture SSA Data Re- pository. Accurate and timely tracking of objects or- biting Earth is essential to preserving the safety of space activities for all. Consistent with section 2274 of title 10, United States Code, a basic level of SSA data in the form of the publicly releasable portion of the DoD catalog is and should continue to be provided free of direct user fees. As additional sources of space track- ing data become available, the United States has the opportunity to incorporate civil, commercial, inter- national, and other available data to allow users to en- hance and refine this service. To facilitate greater data sharing with satellite operators and enable the com- mercial development of enhanced space safety services, the United States must develop the standards and pro- tocols for creation of an open architecture data reposi- tory. The essential features of this repository would in- clude: • Data integrity measures to ensure data accuracy and availability; • Data standards to ensure sufficient quality from di- verse sources; • Measures to safeguard proprietary or sensitive data, including national security information; • The inclusion of satellite owner-operator ephemerides to inform orbital location and planned maneuvers; and • Standardized formats to enable development of ap- plications to leverage the data. To facilitate this enhanced data sharing, and in rec- ognition of the need for DoD to focus on maintaining access to and freedom of action in space, a civil agency should, consistent with applicable law, be responsible for the publicly releasable portion of the DoD catalog and for administering an open architecture data reposi- tory. The Department of Commerce should be that civil agency. (iii) Mitigating Orbital Debris. It is in the interest of all space operators to minimize the creation of new or- bital debris. Rapid international expansion of space op- erations and greater diversity of missions have ren- dered the current U.S. Government Orbital Debris Miti- gation Standard Practices (ODMSP) inadequate to con- trol the growth of orbital debris. These standard prac- tices should be updated to address current and future space operating environments. The United States should develop a new protocol of standard practices to set broader expectations of safe space operations in the 21st century. This protocol should begin with updated ODMSP, but also incorporate sections to address oper- ating practices for large constellations, rendezvous and proximity operations, small satellites, and other class- es of space operations. These overarching practices will provide an avenue to promote efficient and effective space safety practices with U.S. industry and inter- nationally. The United States should pursue active debris re- moval as a necessary long-term approach to ensure the safety of flight operations in key orbital regimes. This effort should not detract from continuing to advance international protocols for debris mitigation associated with current programs. (b) Operating in a Congested Space Environment. (i) Minimum Safety Standards and Best Practices. The creation of minimum standards for safe operation and debris mitigation derived in part from the U.S. Government ODMSP, but incorporating other stand- ards and best practices, will best ensure the safe oper- ation of U.S. space activities. These safety guidelines should consider maneuverability, tracking, reliability, and disposal. The United States should eventually incorporate ap- propriate standards and best practices into Federal law and regulation through appropriate rulemaking or li- censing actions. These guidelines should encompass protocols for all stages of satellite operation from de- sign through end-of-life. Satellite and constellation owners should participate in a pre-launch certification process that should, at a minimum, consider the following factors: • Coordination of orbit utilization to prevent con- junctions; • Constellation owner-operators’ management of self- conjunctions; • Owner-operator notification of planned maneuvers and sharing of satellite orbital location data; Page 187 TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS § 71302 • On-orbit tracking aids, including beacons or sens- ing enhancements, if such systems are needed; • Encryption of satellite command and control links and data protection measures for ground site oper- ations; • Appropriate minimum reliability based on type of mission and phase of operations; • Effect on the national security or foreign policy in- terests of the United States, or international obliga- tions; and • Self-disposal upon the conclusion of operational lifetime, or owner-operator provision for disposal using active debris removal methods. (ii) On-Orbit Collision Avoidance Support Service. Timely warning of potential collisions is essential to preserving the safety of space activities for all. Basic collision avoidance information services are and should continue to be provided free of direct user fees. The im- minent activation of more sensitive tracking sensors is expected to reveal a significantly greater population of the existing orbital debris background as well as pro- vide an improved ability to track currently catalogued objects. Current and future satellites, including large constellations of satellites, will operate in a debris en- vironment much denser than presently tracked. Pre- venting on-orbit collisions in this environment requires an information service that shares catalog data, pre- dicts close approaches, and provides actionable warn- ings to satellite operators. The service should provide data to allow operators to assess proposed maneuvers to reduce risk. To provide on-orbit collision avoidance, the United States should: • Provide services based on a continuously updated catalog of satellite tracking data; • Utilize automated processes for collision avoidance; • Provide actionable and timely conjunction assess- ments; and • Provide data to operators to enable assessment of maneuver plans. To ensure safe coordination of space traffic in this fu- ture operating environment, and in recognition of the need for DoD to focus on maintaining access to and freedom of action in space, a civil agency should be the focal point for this collision avoidance support service. The Department of Commerce should be that civil agency. (c) Strategies for Space Traffic Management in a Global Context. (i) Protocols to Prevent Orbital Conjunctions. As in- creased satellite operations make lower Earth orbits more congested, the United States should develop a set of standard techniques for mitigating the collision risk of increasingly congested orbits, particularly for large constellations. Appropriate methods, which may in- clude licensing assigned volumes for constellation oper- ation and establishing processes for satellites passing through the volumes, are needed. The United States should explore strategies that will lead to the estab- lishment of common global best practices, including: • A common process addressing the volume of space used by a large constellation, particularly in close proximity to an existing constellation; • A common process by which individual spacecraft may transit volumes used by existing satellites or con- stellations; and • A set of best practices for the owner-operators of utilized volumes to minimize the long-term effects of constellation operations on the space environment (in- cluding the proper disposal of satellites, reliability standards, and effective collision avoidance). (ii) Radio Frequency Spectrum and Interference Pro- tection. Space traffic and RF spectrum use have tradi- tionally been independently managed processes. In- creased congestion in key orbital regimes creates a need for improved and increasingly dynamic methods to coordinate activities in both the physical and spec- tral domains, and may introduce new interdepend- encies. U.S. Government efforts in STM should address the following spectrum management considerations: • Where appropriate, verify consistency between pol- icy and existing national and international regulations and goals regarding global access to, and operation in, the RF spectrum for space services; • Investigate the advantages of addressing spectrum in conjunction with the development of STM systems, standards, and best practices; • Promote flexible spectrum use and investigate emerging technologies for potential use by space sys- tems; and • Ensure spectrum-dependent STM components, such as inter-satellite safety communications and active de- bris removal systems, can successfully access the re- quired spectrum necessary to their missions. (iii) Global Engagement. In its role as a major spacefaring nation, the United States should continue to develop and promote a range of norms of behavior, best practices, and standards for safe operations in space to minimize the space debris environment and promote data sharing and coordination of space activi- ties. It is essential that other spacefaring nations also adopt best practices for the common good of all spacefaring states. The United States should encourage the adoption of new norms of behavior and best prac- tices for space operations by the international commu- nity through bilateral and multilateral discussions with other spacefaring nations, and through U.S. par- ticipation in various organizations such as the Inter- Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, Inter- national Standards Organization, Consultative Com- mittee for Space Data Systems, and UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. SEC. 6. Roles and Responsibilities. In furtherance of the goals described in section 4 and the guidelines de- scribed in section 5 of this memorandum, agencies shall carry out the following roles and responsibilities: (a) Advance SSA and STM S&T. Members of the Na- tional Space Council, or their delegees, shall coordi- nate, prioritize, and advocate for S&T, SSA, and STM, as appropriate, as it relates to their respective mis- sions. They should seek opportunities to engage with the commercial sector and academia in pursuit of this goal. (b) Mitigate the Effect of Orbital Debris on Space Ac- tivities. (i) The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Administrator), in coordination with the Secretaries of State, Defense, Commerce, and Transportation, and the Director of Na- tional Intelligence, and in consultation with the Chair- man of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), shall lead efforts to update the U.S. Orbital De- bris Mitigation Standard Practices and establish new guidelines for satellite design and operation, as appro- priate and consistent with applicable law. (ii) The Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation, in consultation with the Chairman of the FCC, will as- sess the suitability of incorporating these updated standards and best practices into their respective li- censing processes, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law. (c) Encourage and Facilitate U.S. Commercial Lead- ership in S&T, SSA, and STM. The Secretary of Com- merce, in coordination with the Secretaries of Defense and Transportation, and the NASA Administrator, shall lead efforts to encourage and facilitate continued U.S. commercial leadership in SSA, STM, and related S&T. (d) Provide U.S. Government-Derived Basic SSA Data and Basic STM Services to the Public. (i) The Secretaries of Defense and Commerce, in co- ordination with the Secretaries of State and Transpor- tation, the NASA Administrator, and the Director of National Intelligence, should cooperatively develop a plan for providing basic SSA data and basic STM serv- ices either directly or through a partnership with in- dustry or academia, consistent with the guidelines of sections 5(a)(ii) and 5(b)(ii) of this memorandum. (ii) The Secretary of Defense shall maintain the au- thoritative catalog of space objects. (iii) The Secretaries of Defense and Commerce shall assess whether statutory and regulatory changes are Page 188 TITLE 51—NATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL SPACE PROGRAMS § 71302 necessary to effect the plan developed under subsection (d)(i) of this section, and shall pursue such changes, along with any other needed changes, as appropriate. (e) Improve SSA Data Interoperability and Enable Greater SSA Data Sharing. (i) The Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Secretaries of State, Defense, and Transportation, the NASA Administrator, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall develop standards and protocols for creation of an open architecture data repository to im- prove SSA data interoperability and enable greater SSA data sharing. (ii) The Secretary of Commerce shall develop options, either in-house or through partnerships with industry or academia, assessing both the technical and economic feasibility of establishing such a repository. (iii) The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that re- lease of data regarding national security activities to any person or entity with access to the repository is consistent with national security interests. (f) Develop Space Traffic Standards and Best Prac- tices. The Secretaries of Defense, Commerce, and Transportation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the NASA Administrator, and the Director of National Intelligence, and in consultation with the Chairman of the FCC, shall develop space traffic stand- ards and best practices, including technical guidelines, minimum safety standards, behavioral norms, and or- bital conjunction prevention protocols related to pre- launch risk assessment and on-orbit collision avoid- ance support services. (g) Prevent Unintentional Radio Frequency Inter- ference. The Secretaries of Commerce and Transpor- tation, in coordination with the Secretaries of State and Defense, the NASA Administrator, and the Direc- tor of National Intelligence, and in consultation with the Chairman of the FCC, shall coordinate to mitigate the risk of harmful interference and promptly address any harmful interference that may occur. (h) Improve the U.S. Domestic Space Object Registry. The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secre- taries of Defense, Commerce, and Transportation, the NASA Administrator, and the Director of National In- telligence, and in consultation with the Chairman of the FCC, shall lead U.S. Government efforts on inter- national engagement related to international trans- parency and space object registry on SSA and STM issues. (i) Develop Policies and Regulations for Future U.S. Orbital Operations. The Secretaries of Defense, Com- merce, and Transportation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the NASA Administrator, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall regularly evalu- ate emerging trends in space missions to recommend revisions, as appropriate and necessary, to existing SSA and STM policies and regulations. SEC. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memo- randum shall be construed to impair or otherwise af- fect: (i) the authority granted by law to an executive de- partment or agency, or the head thereof; or (ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Man- agement and Budget relating to budgetary, administra- tive, or legislative proposals. (b) This memorandum shall be implemented con- sistent with applicable law and subject to the avail- ability of appropriations. (c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or proce- dural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person. (d) The Secretary of Commerce is authorized and di- rected to publish this memorandum in the Federal Reg- ister. DONALD J. TRUMP.