22 U.S.C. § 2181 — Policy

Page 667 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2181 conditions as the President deems appropriate to insure, among other things, that all informa- tion, products, uses, processes, patents, and other developments obtained or utilized in the development of this prototype plant will be available without further cost to the United States for the use and benefit of the United States throughout the world, and to insure that the United States, its officers, and employees have a permanent right to review data and have access to such plant for the purpose of observing its operations and improving science and tech- nology in the field of desalination. (c) Contracts In carrying out the provisions of this section, the President may enter into contracts with public or private agencies and with any person without regard to section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41. (d) Patents Nothing in this section shall be construed as intending to deprive the owner of any back- ground patent or any right which such owner may have under that patent. (e) Federal agencies In carrying out the provisions of this section, the President may utilize the personnel, serv- ices, and facilities of any Federal agency. (f) Authorization of appropriations The United States costs, other than its admin- istrative costs, for the study, design, construc- tion, and operation of a prototype plant under this section shall not exceed either 50 per cen- tum of the total capital costs of the facilities as- sociated with the production of water, and 50 per centum of the operation and maintenance costs for the demonstration period, or $20,000,000, whichever is less. There are authorized to be ap- propriated, subject to the limitations of this subsection, such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, includ- ing administrative costs thereof. Such sums are authorized to remain available until expended. (g) Restrictions on appropriations No funds appropriated for the Office of Water Research and Technology pursuant to the appro- priation authorized by the Act of July 11, 1969 (83 Stat. 45, Public Law 91–43), or prior author- ization Acts, shall be used to carry out the pur- poses of this section. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 219, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 104, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 806.) Editorial Notes REFERENCES IN TEXT Act of July 11, 1969, referred to in subsec. (g), is Pub. L. 91–43, July 11, 1969, 83 Stat. 45, which is not classified to the Code. CODIFICATION In subsec. (c), ‘‘section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41’’ substituted for ‘‘sections 3648 and 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (31 U.S.C. 529 and 41 U.S.C. 5)’’ on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, § 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, which Act en- acted Title 31, Money and Finance, and Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries REFERENCES TO SUBCHAPTER I DEEMED TO INCLUDE CERTAIN PARTS OF SUBCHAPTER II References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.), VI (§ 2348 et seq.), and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title. Executive Documents CHANGE OF NAME Office of Water Research and Technology formed through merger of Office of Saline Water and Office of Water Resources Research by order of Secretary of the Interior, Ord. No. 2966, July 26, 1974. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title. §§ 2180, 2180a. Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942 Section 2180, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 220, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 104, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807, related to programs for peaceful communications using tele- vision, etc., for educational, health, etc., purposes. Section 2180a, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 220A, as added Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 102(c), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 22, re- lated to assistance in the reopening of the Suez Canal. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2151 of this title. SUBPART III—SHELTER AND OTHER CREDIT GUARANTY PROGRAMS § 2181. Policy The Congress recognizes that shelter, includ- ing essential urban development services, is among the most fundamental of human needs. Shelter for most people in the developing coun- tries consists largely of domestic materials as- sembled by local labor. While recognizing that most financing for such shelter must come from domestic resources, the Congress finds that carefully designed programs involving United States capital and expertise can increase the availability of domestic financing for improved shelter and related services for low-income peo- ple by demonstrating to local entrepreneurs and institutions that providing low-cost shelter can be financially viable. The Congress reaffirms, therefore, that the United States should con- tinue to assist developing countries in marshal- ling resources for low-cost shelter. Particular attention should be given to programs which will support pilot projects for low-cost shelter or which will have a maximum demonstration im- pact on local institutions and national policy. The Congress declares that the long run goal of all such programs should be to develop domestic construction capabilities and to stimulate local credit institutions to make available domestic Page 668 TITLE 22—FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE § 2182 1 See References in Text note below. capital and other management and techno- logical resources required for effective low-cost shelter programs and policies. (Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 221, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807; amended Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 103(a), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 22; Pub. L. 93–189, § 5(1), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 717; Pub. L. 93–559, § 7(1), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1796; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 311(3), Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 117(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 540; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 115(a), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 950; Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(1) [title V, § 541(a)], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1884, 1903.) Editorial Notes CODIFICATION Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 is based on section 311(a) of H.R. 5119, Ninety-eighth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives May 10, 1984, which was enacted into permanent law by Pub. L. 98–473. PRIOR PROVISIONS A prior section 221 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 429, as amended by Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 104(a), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 104(a), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 381; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, § 103(a), Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 104(a), (b), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 654; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 104(a), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 798; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 104(a), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 450; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, § 103, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, related to general au- thority for foreign investment guaranties by the Presi- dent, prior to the general reorganization of this subpart by Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, § 105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807. AMENDMENTS 1984—Pub. L. 98–473 substituted ‘‘, including essential urban development services, is’’ for ‘‘requirements are’’ after ‘‘The Congress recognizes that shelter’’ and, in the remainder of the section substituted ‘‘shelter’’ for ‘‘housing’’ wherever appearing. 1978—Pub. L. 95–424 generally revised the statement of policy to clarify that in developing countries, financ- ing, materials and labor for most housing must be ob- tained from local sources, while United States capital and technical expertise can increase the availability of housing and related services for low-income people by demonstrating financial viability of credit systems for low-cost housing. 1977—Pub. L. 95–88 struck out provisions that the total face amount of guaranties issued under this sec- tion outstanding at any one time not exceed $430,000,000 and added section 2182(c) of this title to the enumera- tion of sections setting out the conditions under which guaranties shall be issued. 1975—Pub. L. 94–161 substituted ‘‘$430,000,000’’ for ‘‘$355,000,000’’. 1974—Pub. L. 93–559 substituted ‘‘$355,000,000’’ for ‘‘$305,000,000’’. 1973—Pub. L. 93–189 substituted ‘‘$305,000,000’’ for ‘‘$205,000,000’’. 1972—Pub. L. 92–226 substituted ‘‘$205,000,000’’ for ‘‘$130,000,000’’. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title. USE OF FUNDS FROM SALE OF NOTES FOR DISCHARGE OF LIABILITIES UNDER GUARANTIES; TRANSFER OF FUNDS AND CANCELLATION OF NOTES AND INTEREST Pub. L. 90–249, title I, § 120, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 941, provided that: ‘‘Hereafter, none of the funds obtained or authorized to be obtained from the sale of notes under authority of paragraph 111(c)(2) of the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948 [section 1509(c)(2) of this title] or paragraph 413(b)(4)(F) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [section 1933(b)(4)(F) of this title] may be used for the purposes of discharging liabilities under any guar- anties (exclusive of informational media guaranties) issued under sections 221(b) and 224 of the Foreign As- sistance Act of 1961 [subsec. (b) of this section and sec- tion 2184 of this title], sections 202(b) and 413(b)(4) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 [sections 1872(b) and 1933(b)(4) of this title] and section 111(b)(3) of the Eco- nomic Cooperation Act of 1948 [section 1509(b)(3) of this title]. Any portion of the funds in the reserve estab- lished pursuant to section 222(e) of the Foreign Assist- ance Act of 1961 [section 2182(e) of this title] which are attributable to the funds realized from the sale of notes specified in the preceding sentence shall be transferred to the general fund of the Treasury. The Secretary of the Treasury shall cancel all such notes and sums owing and unpaid thereon, including interest to date of cancellation.’’ § 2182. Authorization for worldwide shelter guar- antees (a) Authorization to issue guarantees to eligible investors To carry out the policy of section 2181 of this title, the President is authorized to issue guar- anties to eligible investors (as defined in section 2198(c) 1 of this title) assuring against losses in- curred in connection with loans made for projects meeting the criteria set forth in section 2181 of this title. The total principal amount of guaranties issued under this subpart or here- tofore issued under prior housing guaranty au- thorities, which are outstanding at any one time, shall not exceed $2,558,000,000. The author- ity of this section shall continue through Sep- tember 30, 1992. The President may issue regula- tions from time to time with regard to the terms and conditions upon which such guaran- ties shall be issued and the eligibility of lenders. (b) Emphasis on certain activities Activities carried out under this section shall emphasize— (1) projects which provide improved home sites to poor families on which to build shel- ter, and related services; (2) projects comprised of expandable core shelter units on serviced sites; (3) slum upgrading projects designed to con- serve and improve existing shelter; (4) shelter projects for low-income people de- signed for demonstration or institution build- ing purposes; and (5) community facilities and services in sup- port of projects authorized under this section to improve the shelter occupied by the poor. (c) Use of solar energy technology In issuing guaranties under this section with respect to projects in a country which require the use or conservation of energy, the President shall give consideration to the use of solar en- ergy technologies, where such technologies are economically and technically feasible. Tech- nologies which may be used include solar hot water systems, solar heating and cooling, pas- sive solar heating, biomass conversion, photo-