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11 U.S.C. § 103 — Applicability of chapters
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Except as provided in [section 1161 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1161&num=0&edition=prelim), chapters 1, 3, and 5 of this title apply in a case under chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 of this title, and this chapter, sections 307, 362(o), 555 through 557, and 559 through 562 apply in a case under chapter 15.
**(b)** Subchapters I and II of chapter 7 of this title apply only in a case under such chapter.
**(c)** Subchapter III of chapter 7 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a stockbroker.
**(d)** Subchapter IV of chapter 7 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a commodity broker.
**(e) Scope of Application.—** Subchapter V of chapter 7 of this title shall apply only in a case under such chapter concerning the liquidation of an uninsured State member bank, or a corporation organized under section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act, which operates, or operates as, a multilateral clearing organization pursuant to section 409 11 See References in Text note below. of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.
**(f)** Except as provided in [section 901 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section901&num=0&edition=prelim), only chapters 1 and 9 of this title apply in a case under such chapter 9.
**(g)** Except as provided in [section 901 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section901&num=0&edition=prelim), subchapters I, II, and III of chapter 11 of this title apply only in a case under such chapter.
**(h)** Subchapter IV of chapter 11 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a railroad.
**(i)** Subchapter V of
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Source location: Title 11, Chapter 1, § 103; chapter-001-general-provisions.md
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**(a)** Except as provided in [section 1161 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1161&num=0&edition=prelim), chapters 1, 3, and 5 of this title apply in a case under chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 of this title, and this chapter, sections 307, 362(o), 555 through 557, and 559 through 562 apply in a case under chapter 15.
**(b)** Subchapters I and II of chapter 7 of this title apply only in a case under such chapter.
**(c)** Subchapter III of chapter 7 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a stockbroker.
**(d)** Subchapter IV of chapter 7 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a commodity broker.
**(e) Scope of Application.—** Subchapter V of chapter 7 of this title shall apply only in a case under such chapter concerning the liquidation of an uninsured State member bank, or a corporation organized under section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act, which operates, or operates as, a multilateral clearing organization pursuant to section 409 11 See References in Text note below. of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.
**(f)** Except as provided in [section 901 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section901&num=0&edition=prelim), only chapters 1 and 9 of this title apply in a case under such chapter 9.
**(g)** Except as provided in [section 901 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section901&num=0&edition=prelim), subchapters I, II, and III of chapter 11 of this title apply only in a case under such chapter.
**(h)** Subchapter IV of chapter 11 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter concerning a railroad.
**(i)** Subchapter V of chapter 11 of this title applies only in a case under chapter 11 in which a debtor (as defined in section 1182) elects that subchapter V of chapter 11 shall apply.
**(j)** Chapter 13 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter.
**(k)** Chapter 12 of this title applies only in a case under such chapter.
**(l)** Chapter 15 applies only in a case under such chapter, except that—
(1) sections 1505, 1513, and 1514 apply in all cases under this title; and
(2) section 1509 applies whether or not a case under this title is pending.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Attorney General shall appoint one United States trustee for each of the following regions composed of Federal judicial districts (without regard to section 451):
(1) The judicial districts established for the States of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
(2) The judicial districts established for the States of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont.
(3) The judicial districts established for the States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
(4) The judicial districts established for the States of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia and for the District of Columbia.
(5) The judicial districts established for the States of Louisiana and Mississippi.
(6) The Northern District of Texas and the Eastern District of Texas.
(7) The Southern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas.
(8) The judicial districts established for the States of Kentucky and Tennessee.
(9) The judicial districts established for the States of Michigan and Ohio.
(10) The Central District of Illinois and the Southern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Indiana.
(11) The Northern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Wisconsin.
(12) The judicial districts established for the States of Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
(13) The judicial districts established for the States of Arkansas, Nebraska, and Missouri.
(14) The District of Arizona.
(15) The Southern District of California; and the judicial districts established for the State of Hawaii, and for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
(16) The Central District of California.
(17) The Eastern District of California and the Northern District of Cal
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Corporations to be organized for the purpose of engaging in international or foreign banking or other international or foreign financial operations, or in banking or other financial operations in a dependency or insular possession of the United States, either directly or through the agency, ownership or control of local institutions in foreign countries, or in such dependencies or insular possessions as provided by this subchapter and to act when required by the Secretary of the Treasury as fiscal agents of the United States, may be formed by any number of natural persons, not less in any case than five: Provided, That nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to deny the right of the Secretary of the Treasury to use any corporation organized under this subchapter as depositaries in Panama and the Panama Canal Zone, or other insular possessions and dependencies of the United States.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In this title the following definitions shall apply:
(1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized.
(2) The term “affiliate” means—
(A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities—
(i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or
(ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote;
(C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or
(D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement.
(3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Sections 341, 343, 1102(a)(1), 1104, 1105, 1107, 1129(a)(7), and 1129(c) of this title do not apply in a case concerning a railroad.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Sections 301, 333, 344, 347(b), 349, 350(b) 351,,11 So in original. The second comma probably should follow “350(b)”. 361, 362, 364(c), 364(d), 364(e), 364(f), 365, 366, 501, 502, 503, 504, 506, 507(a)(2), 509, 510, 524(a)(1), 524(a)(2), 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549(a), 549(c), 549(d), 550, 551, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 559, 560, 561, 562, 1102, 1103, 1109, 1111(b), 1122, 1123(a)(1), 1123(a)(2), 1123(a)(3), 1123(a)(4), 1123(a)(5), 1123(b), 1123(d), 1124, 1125, 1126(a), 1126(b), 1126(c), 1126(e), 1126(f), 1126(g), 1127(d), 1128, 1129(a)(2), 1129(a)(3), 1129(a)(6), 1129(a)(8), 1129(a)(10), 1129(b)(1), 1129(b)(2)(A), 1129(b)(2)(B), 1142(b), 1143, 1144, and 1145 of this title apply in a case under this chapter.
**(b)** A term used in a section of this title made applicable in a case under this chapter by subsection (a) of this section or section 103(e) 22 See References in Text note below. of this title has the meaning defined for such term for the purpose of such applicable section, unless such term is otherwise defined in [section 902 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section902&num=0&edition=prelim).
**(c)** A section made applicable in a case under this chapter by subsection (a) of this section that is operative if the business of the debtor is authorized to be operated is operative in a case under this chapter.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Notwithstanding [section 362 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section362&num=0&edition=prelim), SIPC may file an application for a protective decree under the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970. The filing of such application stays all proceedings in the case under this title unless and until such application is dismissed. If SIPC completes the liquidation of the debtor, then the court shall dismiss the case.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 30
TITLE 11—BANKRUPTCY
§ 103
1 See References in Text note below.
tive approval of the bankruptcy judge for almost every
action. The change will permit the bankruptcy judge to
stay removed from the administration of the bank-
ruptcy or reorganization case, and to become involved
only when there is a dispute about a proposed action,
that is, only when there is an objection. The phrase
‘‘such opportunity for a hearing as is appropriate in the
particular circumstances’’ is designed to permit the
Rules and the courts to expedite or dispense with hear-
ings when speed is essential. The language ‘‘or similar
phrase’’ is intended to cover the few instances in the
bill where ‘‘after notice and a hearing’’ is interrupted
by another phrase, such as ‘‘after notice to the debtor
and a hearing.’’
Paragraph (2) specifies that ‘‘claim against the debt-
or’’ includes claim against property of the debtor. This
paragraph is intended to cover nonrecourse loan agree-
ments where the creditor’s only rights are against
property of the debtor, and not against the debtor per-
sonally. Thus, such an agreement would give rise to a
claim that would be treated as a claim against the
debtor personally, for the purposes of the bankruptcy
code.
Paragraph (3) is a codification of American Surety Co.
v. Marotta, 287 U.S. 513 (1933). It specifies that ‘‘in-
cludes’’ and ‘‘including’’ are not limiting.
Paragraph (4) specifies that ‘‘may not’’ is prohibitive
and not permissive (such as in ‘‘might not’’).
Paragraph (5) specifies that ‘‘or’’ is not exclusive.
Thus, if a party ‘‘may do (a) or (b)’’, then the party
may do either or both. The party is not limited to a
mutually exclusive choice between the two alter-
natives.
Paragraph (6) makes clear that ‘‘order for relief’’
me
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