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28 U.S.C. § 156 — Staff; expenses
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Each bankruptcy judge may appoint a secretary, a law clerk, and such additional assistants as the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts determines to be necessary. A law clerk appointed under this section shall be exempt from the provisions of subchapter I of chapter 63 of title 5, unless specifically included by the appointing judge or by local rule of court.
**(b)** Upon certification to the judicial council of the circuit involved and to the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts that the number of cases and proceedings pending within the jurisdiction under [section 1334 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1334&num=0&edition=prelim) within a judicial district so warrants, the bankruptcy judges for such district may appoint an individual to serve as clerk of such bankruptcy court. The clerk may appoint, with the approval of such bankruptcy judges, and in such number as may be approved by the Director, necessary deputies, and may remove such deputies with the approval of such bankruptcy judges.
**(c)** Any court may utilize facilities or services, either on or off the court’s premises, which pertain to the provision of notices, dockets, calendars, and other administrative information to parties in cases filed under the provisions of title 11, United States Code, where the costs of such facilities or services are paid for out of the assets of the estate and are not charged to the United States. The utilization of such facilities or services shall be subject to such conditions and limitations as the pertinent circuit council may prescribe.
**(d)** No office of the bankruptcy clerk of court may be consolidated with the district clerk of court office wit
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Source location: Title 28, Chapter 6, § 156; chapter-006-bankruptcy-judges.md
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**(a)** Each bankruptcy judge may appoint a secretary, a law clerk, and such additional assistants as the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts determines to be necessary. A law clerk appointed under this section shall be exempt from the provisions of subchapter I of chapter 63 of title 5, unless specifically included by the appointing judge or by local rule of court.
**(b)** Upon certification to the judicial council of the circuit involved and to the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts that the number of cases and proceedings pending within the jurisdiction under [section 1334 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-section1334&num=0&edition=prelim) within a judicial district so warrants, the bankruptcy judges for such district may appoint an individual to serve as clerk of such bankruptcy court. The clerk may appoint, with the approval of such bankruptcy judges, and in such number as may be approved by the Director, necessary deputies, and may remove such deputies with the approval of such bankruptcy judges.
**(c)** Any court may utilize facilities or services, either on or off the court’s premises, which pertain to the provision of notices, dockets, calendars, and other administrative information to parties in cases filed under the provisions of title 11, United States Code, where the costs of such facilities or services are paid for out of the assets of the estate and are not charged to the United States. The utilization of such facilities or services shall be subject to such conditions and limitations as the pertinent circuit council may prescribe.
**(d)** No office of the bankruptcy clerk of court may be consolidated with the district clerk of court office without the prior approval of the Judicial Conference and the Congress.
**(e)** In a judicial district where a bankruptcy clerk has been appointed pursuant to subsection (b), the bankruptcy clerk shall be the official custodian of the records and dockets of the bankruptcy court.
**(f)** For purposes of financial accountability in a district where a bankruptcy clerk has been certified, such clerk shall be accountable for and pay into the Treasury all fees, costs, and other monies collected by such clerk except uncollected fees not required by an Act of Congress to be prepaid. Such clerk shall make returns thereof to the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and the Director of the Executive Office For United States Trustees, under regulations prescribed by such Directors.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** The Attorney General shall appoint one United States trustee for each of the following regions composed of Federal judicial districts (without regard to section 451):
(1) The judicial districts established for the States of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
(2) The judicial districts established for the States of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont.
(3) The judicial districts established for the States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
(4) The judicial districts established for the States of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia and for the District of Columbia.
(5) The judicial districts established for the States of Louisiana and Mississippi.
(6) The Northern District of Texas and the Eastern District of Texas.
(7) The Southern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas.
(8) The judicial districts established for the States of Kentucky and Tennessee.
(9) The judicial districts established for the States of Michigan and Ohio.
(10) The Central District of Illinois and the Southern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Indiana.
(11) The Northern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Wisconsin.
(12) The judicial districts established for the States of Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
(13) The judicial districts established for the States of Arkansas, Nebraska, and Missouri.
(14) The District of Arizona.
(15) The Southern District of California; and the judicial districts established for the State of Hawaii, and for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
(16) The Central District of California.
(17) The Eastern District of California and the Northern District of Cal
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 581
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)** Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the district courts shall have original and exclusive jurisdiction of all cases under title 11.
**(b)** Except as provided in subsection (e)(2), and notwithstanding any Act of Congress that confers exclusive jurisdiction on a court or courts other than the district courts, the district courts shall have original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all civil proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in or related to cases under title 11.
**(c)**
(1) Except with respect to a case under chapter 15 of title 11, nothing in this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.
(2) Upon timely motion of a party in a proceeding based upon a State law claim or State law cause of action, related to a case under title 11 but not arising under title 11 or arising in a case under title 11, with respect to which an action could not have been commenced in a court of the United States absent jurisdiction under this section, the district court shall abstain from hearing such proceeding if an action is commenced, and can be timely adjudicated, in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction.
**(d)** Any decision to abstain or not to abstain made under subsection (c) (other than a decision not to abstain in a proceeding described in subsection (c)(2)) is not reviewable by appeal or otherwise by the court of appeals under section 158(d), 1291, or 1292 of this title or by the Supreme Court of the United States under [section 1254 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title28-sec
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Page 88
TITLE 28—JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
§ 154
1982—Salaries of bankruptcy judges and referees in
bankruptcy (full-time), or referees in bankruptcy (part-
time) (maximum rate) increased to $63,600 and $31,800,
respectively, effective on first day of first pay period
beginning on or after Oct. 1, 1982, by Ex. Ord. No. 12387,
Oct. 8, 1982, 47 F.R. 44981, formerly set out as a note
under section 5332 of Title 5. Ex. Ord. No. 12387 further
provided that pursuant to section 101(e) of Pub. L.
97–276 funds are not available to pay a salary at a rate
which exceeds the rate in effect on Sept. 30, 1982, which
was $58,500 for bankruptcy judges and referees in bank-
ruptcy (full-time), and $30,600 for referees in bank-
ruptcy (part-time) (maximum rate).
Maximum rate payable to bankruptcy judges after
Dec. 17, 1982, increased from $58,500 to $63,600, see Pub.
L. 97–377, title I, § 129(b)–(d), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1914,
set out as a note under section 5318 of Title 5.
1981—Salaries of bankruptcy judges and referees in
bankruptcy (full-time), or referees in bankruptcy (part-
time) (maximum rate) increased to $61,200 and $30,600,
respectively, effective on first day of first pay period
beginning on or after Oct. 1, 1981, by Ex. Ord. No. 12330,
Oct. 15, 1981, 46 F.R. 50921, formerly set out as a note
under section 5332 of Title 5. Ex. Ord. No. 12330 further
provided that pursuant to section 101(c) of Pub. L. 97–51
funds are not available to pay a salary at a rate which
exceeds the rate in effect on Sept. 30, 1981, which was
$51,167.50 for bankruptcy judges and referees in bank-
ruptcy (full-time), and $25,583.75 for referees in bank-
ruptcy (part-time) (maximum rate).
1980—Salaries of bankruptcy judges and referees in
bankruptcy (full-time), or refer
Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 28 U.S.C. § 156
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