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11 U.S.C. § 1104 — Appointment of trustee or examiner

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 1104 — Appointment of trustee or examiner

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Source location: Title 11, Chapter 11, § 1104; chapter-011-reorganization.md

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**(a)** At any time after the commencement of the case but before confirmation of a plan, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee, and after notice and a hearing, the court shall order the appointment of a trustee— (1) for cause, including fraud, dishonesty, incompetence, or gross mismanagement of the affairs of the debtor by current management, either before or after the commencement of the case, or similar cause, but not including the number of holders of securities of the debtor or the amount of assets or liabilities of the debtor; or (2) if such appointment is in the interests of creditors, any equity security holders, and other interests of the estate, without regard to the number of holders of securities of the debtor or the amount of assets or liabilities of the debtor. **(b)** (1) Except as provided in [section 1163 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1163&num=0&edition=prelim), on the request of a party in interest made not later than 30 days after the court orders the appointment of a trustee under subsection (a), the United States trustee shall convene a meeting of creditors for the purpose of electing one disinterested person to serve as trustee in the case. The election of a trustee shall be conducted in the manner provided in subsections (a), (b), and (c) of [section 702 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section702&num=0&edition=prelim). (2) (A) If an eligible, disinterested trustee is elected at a meeting of creditors under paragraph (1), the United States trustee shall file a report certifying that election. (B) Upon the filing of a report under subparagraph (A)— (i) the trustee elected under paragraph (1) shall be considered to have been selected and appointed for purposes of this section; and (ii) the service of any trustee appointed under subsection (a) shall terminate. (C) The court shall resolve any dispute arising out of an election described in subparagraph (A). **(c)** If the court does not order the appointment of a trustee under this section, then at any time before the confirmation of a plan, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee, and after notice and a hearing, the court shall order the appointment of an examiner to conduct such an investigation of the debtor as is appropriate, including an investigation of any allegations of fraud, dishonesty, incompetence, misconduct, mismanagement, or irregularity in the management of the affairs of the debtor of or by current or former management of the debtor, if— (1) such appointment is in the interests of creditors, any equity security holders, and other interests of the estate; or (2) the debtor’s fixed, liquidated, unsecured debts, other than debts for goods, services, or taxes, or owing to an insider, exceed $5,000,000. **(d)** If the court orders the appointment of a trustee or an examiner, if a trustee or an examiner dies or resigns during the case or is removed under [section 324 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section324&num=0&edition=prelim), or if a trustee fails to qualify under [section 322 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section322&num=0&edition=prelim), then the United States trustee, after consultation with parties in interest, shall appoint, subject to the court’s approval, one disinterested person other than the United States trustee to serve as trustee or examiner, as the case may be, in the case. **(e)** The United States trustee shall move for the appointment of a trustee under subsection (a) if there are reasonable grounds to suspect that current members of the governing body of the debtor, the debtor’s chief executive or chief financial officer, or members of the governing body who selected the debtor’s chief executive or chief financial officer, participated in actual fraud, dishonesty, or criminal conduct in the management of the debtor or the debtor’s public financial reporting.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 1109 — Right to be heard

**(a)** The Securities and Exchange Commission may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter, but the Securities and Exchange Commission may not appeal from any judgment, order, or decree entered in the case. **(b)** A party in interest, including the debtor, the trustee, a creditors’ committee, an equity security holders’ committee, a creditor, an equity security holder, or any indenture trustee, may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

28 U.S.C. § 581 — United States trustees

**(a)** The Attorney General shall appoint one United States trustee for each of the following regions composed of Federal judicial districts (without regard to section 451): (1) The judicial districts established for the States of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. (2) The judicial districts established for the States of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont. (3) The judicial districts established for the States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. (4) The judicial districts established for the States of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia and for the District of Columbia. (5) The judicial districts established for the States of Louisiana and Mississippi. (6) The Northern District of Texas and the Eastern District of Texas. (7) The Southern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas. (8) The judicial districts established for the States of Kentucky and Tennessee. (9) The judicial districts established for the States of Michigan and Ohio. (10) The Central District of Illinois and the Southern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Indiana. (11) The Northern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Wisconsin. (12) The judicial districts established for the States of Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota. (13) The judicial districts established for the States of Arkansas, Nebraska, and Missouri. (14) The District of Arizona. (15) The Southern District of California; and the judicial districts established for the State of Hawaii, and for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. (16) The Central District of California. (17) The Eastern District of California and the Northern District of Cal

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 324 — Removal of trustee or examiner

**(a)** The court, after notice and a hearing, may remove a trustee, other than the United States trustee, or an examiner, for cause. **(b)** Whenever the court removes a trustee or examiner under subsection (a) in a case under this title, such trustee or examiner shall thereby be removed in all other cases under this title in which such trustee or examiner is then serving unless the court orders otherwise.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 702 — Election of trustee

**(a)** A creditor may vote for a candidate for trustee only if such creditor— (1) holds an allowable, undisputed, fixed, liquidated, unsecured claim of a kind entitled to distribution under section 726(a)(2), 726(a)(3), 726(a)(4), 752(a), 766(h), or 766(i) of this title; (2) does not have an interest materially adverse, other than an equity interest that is not substantial in relation to such creditor’s interest as a creditor, to the interest of creditors entitled to such distribution; and (3) is not an insider. **(b)** At the meeting of creditors held under [section 341 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section341&num=0&edition=prelim), creditors may elect one person to serve as trustee in the case if election of a trustee is requested by creditors that may vote under subsection (a) of this section, and that hold at least 20 percent in amount of the claims specified in subsection (a)(1) of this section that are held by creditors that may vote under subsection (a) of this section. **(c)** A candidate for trustee is elected trustee if— (1) creditors holding at least 20 percent in amount of the claims of a kind specified in subsection (a)(1) of this section that are held by creditors that may vote under subsection (a) of this section vote; and (2) such candidate receives the votes of creditors holding a majority in amount of claims specified in subsection (a)(1) of this section that are held by creditors that vote for a trustee. **(d)** If a trustee is not elected under this section, then the interim trustee shall serve as trustee in the case.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 101 — Definitions

In this title the following definitions shall apply: (1) The term “accountant” means accountant authorized under applicable law to practice public accounting, and includes professional accounting association, corporation, or partnership, if so authorized. (2) The term “affiliate” means— (A) entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities— (i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or (ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote; (B) corporation 20 percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor, or by an entity that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than an entity that holds such securities— (i) in a fiduciary or agency capacity without sole discretionary power to vote such securities; or (ii) solely to secure a debt, if such entity has not in fact exercised such power to vote; (C) person whose business is operated under a lease or operating agreement by a debtor, or person substantially all of whose property is operated under an operating agreement with the debtor; or (D) entity that operates the business or substantially all of the property of the debtor under a lease or operating agreement. (3) The term “assisted person” means any person whose debts consist primarily of consumer debts and the value of whose nonexempt property is less than $150,000.11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts not

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 507 — Priorities

**(a)** The following expenses and claims have priority in the following order: (1) First: (A) Allowed unsecured claims for domestic support obligations that, as of the date of the filing of the petition in a case under this title, are owed to or recoverable by a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor, or such child’s parent, legal guardian, or responsible relative, without regard to whether the claim is filed by such person or is filed by a governmental unit on behalf of such person, on the condition that funds received under this paragraph by a governmental unit under this title after the date of the filing of the petition shall be applied and distributed in accordance with applicable nonbankruptcy law. (B) Subject to claims under subparagraph (A), allowed unsecured claims for domestic support obligations that, as of the date of the filing of the petition, are assigned by a spouse, former spouse, child of the debtor, or such child’s parent, legal guardian, or responsible relative to a governmental unit (unless such obligation is assigned voluntarily by the spouse, former spouse, child, parent, legal guardian, or responsible relative of the child for the purpose of collecting the debt) or are owed directly to or recoverable by a governmental unit under applicable nonbankruptcy law, on the condition that funds received under this paragraph by a governmental unit under this title after the date of the filing of the petition be applied and distributed in accordance with applicable nonbankruptcy law. (C) If a trustee is appointed or elected under section 701, 702, 703, 1104, 1202, or 1302, the administrative expenses of the trustee allowed under paragraphs (1)(A), (2), and (6) of section 503(b) shall be paid before payment of claims under subparagraphs (A)

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 1163 — Appointment of trustee

As soon as practicable after the order for relief the Secretary of Transportation shall submit a list of five disinterested persons that are qualified and willing to serve as trustees in the case. The United States trustee shall appoint one of such persons to serve as trustee in the case.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 322 — Qualification of trustee

**(a)** Except as provided in subsection (b)(1), a person selected under section 701, 702, 703, 1104, 1163, 1183, 1202, or 1302 of this title to serve as trustee in a case under this title qualifies if before seven days after such selection, and before beginning official duties, such person has filed with the court a bond in favor of the United States conditioned on the faithful performance of such official duties. **(b)** (1) The United States trustee qualifies wherever such trustee serves as trustee in a case under this title. (2) The United States trustee shall determine— (A) the amount of a bond required to be filed under subsection (a) of this section; and (B) the sufficiency of the surety on such bond. **(c)** A trustee is not liable personally or on such trustee’s bond in favor of the United States for any penalty or forfeiture incurred by the debtor. **(d)** A proceeding on a trustee’s bond may not be commenced after two years after the date on which such trustee was discharged.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 1103 — Powers and duties of committees

**(a)** At a scheduled meeting of a committee appointed under [section 1102 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1102&num=0&edition=prelim), at which a majority of the members of such committee are present, and with the court’s approval, such committee may select and authorize the employment by such committee of one or more attorneys, accountants, or other agents, to represent or perform services for such committee. **(b)** An attorney or accountant employed to represent a committee appointed under [section 1102 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1102&num=0&edition=prelim) may not, while employed by such committee, represent any other entity having an adverse interest in connection with the case. Representation of one or more creditors of the same class as represented by the committee shall not per se constitute the representation of an adverse interest. **(c)** A committee appointed under [section 1102 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title11-section1102&num=0&edition=prelim) may— (1) consult with the trustee or debtor in possession concerning the administration of the case; (2) investigate the acts, conduct, assets, liabilities, and financial condition of the debtor, the operation of the debtor’s business and the desirability of the continuance of such business, and any other matter relevant to the case or to the formulation of a plan; (3) participate in the formulation of a plan, advise those represented by such committee of such committee’s determinations as to any plan formulated, and collect and file with the court acceptances or rejections of a plan; (4) request the appointment of a trustee or examiner unde

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

11 U.S.C. § 303 — Involuntary cases

**(a)** An involuntary case may be commenced only under chapter 7 or 11 of this title, and only against a person, except a farmer, family farmer, or a corporation that is not a moneyed, business, or commercial corporation, that may be a debtor under the chapter under which such case is commenced. **(b)** An involuntary case against a person is commenced by the filing with the bankruptcy court of a petition under chapter 7 or 11 of this title— (1) by three or more entities, each of which is either a holder of a claim against such person that is not contingent as to liability or the subject of a bona fide dispute as to liability or amount, or an indenture trustee representing such a holder, if such noncontingent, undisputed claims aggregate at least $10,000 11 See Adjustment of Dollar Amounts notes below. more than the value of any lien on property of the debtor securing such claims held by the holders of such claims; (2) if there are fewer than 12 such holders, excluding any employee or insider of such person and any transferee of a transfer that is voidable under section 544, 545, 547, 548, 549, or 724(a) of this title, by one or more of such holders that hold in the aggregate at least $10,000 1 of such claims; (3) if such person is a partnership— (A) by fewer than all of the general partners in such partnership; or (B) if relief has been ordered under this title with respect to all of the general partners in such partnership, by a general partner in such partnership, the trustee of such a general partner, or a holder of a claim against such partnership; or (4) by a foreign representative of the estate in a foreign proceeding concerning such person. **(c)** After the filing of a petition under this section but before the case is dismissed or relief is ordere

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