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31 U.S.C. § 1341 — Limitations on expending and obligating amounts
Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a)**
(1) Except as specified in this subchapter or any other provision of law, an officer or employee of the United States Government or of the District of Columbia government may not—
(A) make or authorize an expenditure or obligation exceeding an amount available in an appropriation or fund for the expenditure or obligation;
(B) involve either government in a contract or obligation for the payment of money before an appropriation is made unless authorized by law;
(C) make or authorize an expenditure or obligation of funds required to be sequestered under section 252 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985; or
(D) involve either government in a contract or obligation for the payment of money required to be sequestered under section 252 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
(2) This subsection does not apply to a corporation getting amounts to make loans (except paid in capital amounts) without legal liability of the United States Government.
**(b)** An article to be used by an executive department in the District of Columbia that could be bought out of an appropriation made to a regular contingent fund of the department may not be bought out of another amount available for obligation.
**(c)**
(1) In this subsection—
(A) the term “covered lapse in appropriations” means any lapse in appropriations that begins on or after December 22, 2018;
(B) the term “District of Columbia public employer” means—
(i) the District of Columbia Courts;
(ii) the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia; or
(iii) the District of Columbia government;
(C) the term “employee” includes an officer; and
(D) the term “excepted employee” means an excepted employee or an employee performing
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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_d3a87a05aa7443631d4cdc39
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-31/section-1341-limitations-on-expending-and-obligating-amounts--01d43b1628.md
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Source location: Title 31, Chapter 13, § 1341; chapter-013-appropriations.md
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**(a)**
(1) Except as specified in this subchapter or any other provision of law, an officer or employee of the United States Government or of the District of Columbia government may not—
(A) make or authorize an expenditure or obligation exceeding an amount available in an appropriation or fund for the expenditure or obligation;
(B) involve either government in a contract or obligation for the payment of money before an appropriation is made unless authorized by law;
(C) make or authorize an expenditure or obligation of funds required to be sequestered under section 252 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985; or
(D) involve either government in a contract or obligation for the payment of money required to be sequestered under section 252 of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
(2) This subsection does not apply to a corporation getting amounts to make loans (except paid in capital amounts) without legal liability of the United States Government.
**(b)** An article to be used by an executive department in the District of Columbia that could be bought out of an appropriation made to a regular contingent fund of the department may not be bought out of another amount available for obligation.
**(c)**
(1) In this subsection—
(A) the term “covered lapse in appropriations” means any lapse in appropriations that begins on or after December 22, 2018;
(B) the term “District of Columbia public employer” means—
(i) the District of Columbia Courts;
(ii) the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia; or
(iii) the District of Columbia government;
(C) the term “employee” includes an officer; and
(D) the term “excepted employee” means an excepted employee or an employee performing emergency work, as such terms are defined by the Office of Personnel Management or the appropriate District of Columbia public employer, as applicable.
(2) Each employee of the United States Government or of a District of Columbia public employer furloughed as a result of a covered lapse in appropriations shall be paid for the period of the lapse in appropriations, and each excepted employee who is required to perform work during a covered lapse in appropriations shall be paid for such work, at the employee’s standard rate of pay, at the earliest date possible after the lapse in appropriations ends, regardless of scheduled pay dates, and subject to the enactment of appropriations Acts ending the lapse.
(3) During a covered lapse in appropriations, each excepted employee who is required to perform work shall be entitled to use leave under chapter 63 of title 5, or any other applicable law governing the use of leave by the excepted employee, for which compensation shall be paid at the earliest date possible after the lapse in appropriations ends, regardless of scheduled pay dates.
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Purpose** The purpose of this section is to assure that any legislation enacted before October 1, 2002, affecting direct spending or receipts that increases the deficit will trigger an offsetting sequestration.
**(b) Sequestration**
(1) **Timing** — Not later than 15 calendar days after the date Congress adjourns to end a session and on the same day as a sequestration (if any) under section 901 or 903 of this title, there shall be a sequestration to offset the amount of any net deficit increase caused by all direct spending and receipts legislation enacted before October 1, 2002, as calculated under paragraph (2).
(2) **Calculation of deficit increase** — OMB shall calculate the amount of deficit increase or decrease by adding—
(A) all OMB estimates for the budget year of direct spending and receipts legislation transmitted under subsection (d);
(B) the estimated amount of savings in direct spending programs applicable to the budget year resulting from the prior year’s sequestration under this section or [section 903 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title2-section903&num=0&edition=prelim), if any, as published in OMB’s final sequestration report for that prior year; and
(C) any net deficit increase or decrease in the current year resulting from all OMB estimates for the current year of direct spending and receipts legislation transmitted under subsection (d) that were not reflected in the final OMB sequestration report for the current year.
**(c) Eliminating a deficit increase**
(1) The amount required to be sequestered in a fiscal year under subsection (b) shall be obtained from non-exempt direct spending accounts from actions taken in the following order:
(A) *First* — All reductions in automatic spendi
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 902
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Cost Variations Authorized; Limitation.—** Except as provided in subsection (c), (d), or (e), the cost authorized for a military construction project or for the construction, improvement, and acquisition of a military family housing project may be increased or decreased by not more than 25 percent of the total authorized cost of the project or 200 percent of the minor construction project ceiling specified in [section 2805(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title10-section2805/a&num=0&edition=prelim), whichever is less, if the Secretary concerned determines that such revised cost is required for the sole purpose of meeting unusual variations in cost and that such variations in cost could not have reasonably been anticipated at the time the project was authorized by Congress.
**(b) Scope of Work Variations Authorized; Limitation.—**
(1) Except as provided in subsection (c), the scope of work for a military construction project or for the construction, improvement, and acquisition of a military family housing project may be reduced by not more than 25 percent from the amount specified for that project, construction, improvement, or acquisition in the justification data provided to Congress as part of the request for authorization of the project, construction, improvement, or acquisition. Any reduction in scope of work for a military construction project shall not result in a facility or item of infrastructure that is not complete and useable or does not fully meet the mission requirement contained in the justification data provided to Congress as part of the request for authorization of the project, construction, improvement, or acquisition.
(2) Except as provided in subsection (d), the scope of work for a military cons
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 10 U.S.C. § 2853
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Definitions** In this section:
(1) **Agency** — The term “agency” means a Federal agency.
(2) **Director** — The term “Director” means the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
(3) **Federal agency** — The term “Federal agency” has the meaning given under [section 3703 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3703&num=0&edition=prelim), except that term shall not include any agency of the legislative branch of the Federal Government.
(4) **Head of an agency** — The term “head of an agency” means the head of a Federal agency.
**(b) In general** Each head of an agency, or the heads of multiple agencies in cooperation, may carry out a program to award prizes competitively to stimulate innovation that has the potential to advance the mission of the respective agency.
**(c) Prize competitions** For purposes of this section, a prize competition may be 1 or more of the following types of activities:
(1) A point solution prize that rewards and spurs the development of solutions for a particular, well-defined problem.
(2) An exposition prize competition that helps identify and promote a broad range of ideas and practices that may not otherwise attract attention, facilitating further development of the idea or practice by third parties.
(3) Participation prize competitions that create value during and after the competition by encouraging contestants to change their behavior or develop new skills that may have beneficial effects during and after the competition.
(4) Such other types of prize competitions as each head of an agency considers appropriate to stimulate innovation that has the potential to advance the mission of the respective agency.
**(d) Topics** In selecting topics for prize compet
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 15 U.S.C. § 3719
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
In order to preserve for public use and enjoyment certain areas of Marin and San Francisco Counties, California, possessing outstanding natural, historic, scenic, and recreational values, and in order to provide for the maintenance of needed recreational open space necessary to urban environment and planning, the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (hereinafter referred to as the “recreation area”) is hereby established. In the management of the recreation area, the Secretary of the Interior (hereinafter referred to as the “Secretary”) shall utilize the resources in a manner which will provide for recreation and educational opportunities consistent with sound principles of land use planning and management. In carrying out the provisions of this subchapter, the Secretary shall preserve the recreation area, as far as possible, in its natural setting, and protect it from development and uses which would destroy the scenic beauty and natural character of the area.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 16 U.S.C. § 460bb
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Before, on, and after November 29, 1999, in carrying out work under reimbursable agreements with any State, local, or tribal government, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service may, without regard to [section 1341 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section1341&num=0&edition=prelim) and notwithstanding any other provision of law or regulation, record obligations against accounts receivable from such entities, and shall credit amounts received from such entities to this appropriation, such credit to occur within 90 days of the date of the original request by the Service for payment.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 16 U.S.C. § 754c
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
Notwithstanding any other provision of law (except [section 1341 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section1341&num=0&edition=prelim)), hereafter, the United States Capitol Police shall perform a threat assessment for former Speakers of the House of Representatives, and if warranted, any such former Speaker shall receive a United States Capitol Police protective detail for a period of not more than one year beginning on the date they leave such office, except that such former Speaker shall have the option to decline such protective detail at any time: Provided, That at the conclusion of the one year period, the United States Capitol Police shall perform a threat assessment to determine whether extension of the protective detail is warranted: Provided further, That, the protective detail may be extended beyond the initial one year period, with the concurrence of the relevant former Speaker, if the United States Capitol Police determines that information or conditions, including but not limited to violent threats, warrant such protection: Provided further, That the United States Capitol Police is authorized to enter into Memoranda of Understanding with relevant state and local law enforcement agencies, as needed, to carry out this section.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 2 U.S.C. § 1966a
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Assistance through governments and nongovernmental organizations** Assistance under this part may be provided to governments or through nongovernmental organizations.
**(b) Technical and managerial assistance** Technical assistance under this part shall, to the maximum extent feasible, be provided on a long term, on-site basis and shall emphasize the provision of practical, management and other problem-solving advice, particularly advice on private enterprise provided by United States business volunteers.
**(c) Enterprise funds** Activities supported pursuant to this part may include the establishment of and the provision of support for one or more enterprise funds for the independent states of the former Soviet Union. If the President determines that an enterprise fund should be established and supported under this part, the provisions contained in section 201 of the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [[22 U.S.C. 5421](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section5421&num=0&edition=prelim)] (excluding the authorizations of appropriations provided in subsection (b) of that section) shall be deemed to apply with respect to such enterprise fund and to funds made available to such enterprise fund pursuant to this part.
**(d) Cooperative development and research projects** Assistance under this part may include support for cooperative development projects, including cooperative development research projects, among the United States, other countries, and independent states of the former Soviet Union.
**(e) Administration of justice programs** In order to strengthen the administration of justice in the independent states of the former Soviet Union under paragraph (2)(J) of [section 2295 of this title](https://uscode
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 2295b
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) In general** Funds made available for fiscal year 1993 under sections 5853 and 5854 of this title to provide assistance or otherwise carry out programs and activities with respect to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under those sections may be used notwithstanding any other provision of law, other than the provisions cited in subsection (b).
**(b) Exceptions** Subsection (a) does not apply with respect to—
(1) this subchapter; and
(2) [section 1341 of title 31](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title31-section1341&num=0&edition=prelim) (commonly referred to as the “Anti-Deficiency Act”), the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, and the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 22 U.S.C. § 5858
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
**(a) Basic Principles Governing Research and Technology Investments.—**
(1) **Applicability.—** — The research, development, and technology provisions of this section shall apply throughout this chapter.
(2) **Coverage.—** — Surface transportation research and technology development shall include all activities within the innovation lifecycle leading to technology development and transfer, as well as the introduction of new and innovative ideas, practices, and approaches, through such mechanisms as field applications, education and training, communications, impact analysis, and technical support.
(3) **Federal responsibility.—** — Funding and conducting surface transportation research and technology transfer activities shall be considered a basic responsibility of the Federal Government when the work—
(A) is of national significance;
(B) delivers a clear public benefit and occurs where private sector investment is less than optimal;
(C) supports a Federal stewardship role in assuring that State and local governments use national resources efficiently;
(D) meets and addresses current or emerging needs;
(E) addresses current gaps in research;
(F) presents the best means to align resources with multiyear plans and priorities;
(G) ensures the coordination of highway research and technology transfer activities, including through activities performed by university transportation centers;
(H) educates transportation professionals; or
(I) presents the best means to support Federal policy goals compared to other policy alternatives.
(4) **Role.—** — Consistent with these Federal responsibilities, the Secretary shall—
(A) conduct research;
(B) partner with State highway agencies and other stakeholders as appropriate to facilitate research and
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 23 U.S.C. § 502
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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities
The Attorney General may appoint officials—
(1) to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States;
(2) to assist in the protection of the person of the President; and 11 So in original. The word “and” probably should not appear.
(3) to assist in the protection of the person of the Attorney General.22 So in original. The period probably should be “; and”.
(4) to conduct such other investigations regarding official matters under the control of the Department of Justice and the Department of State as may be directed by the Attorney General.
This section does not limit the authority of departments and agencies to investigate crimes against the United States when investigative jurisdiction has been assigned by law to such departments and agencies.
Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 28 U.S.C. § 533
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