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42 U.S.C. § 7604 — Citizen suits

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7604 — Citizen suits

**(a) Authority to bring civil action; jurisdiction** Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf— (1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of (A) an emission standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, (2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator, or (3) against any person who proposes to construct or constructs any new or modified major emitting facility without a permit required under part C of subchapter I (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of subchapter I (relating to nonattainment) or who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of any condition of such permit. The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties (except for actions under paragraph (2)). The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to compel (consistent with paragraph (2) of this subsection) agency action unreasonably delayed, except that an action to compel agency ac

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Stable record: federal_law:legal_authorities:record_usc_cca26b6d7b8a24fb74513338
Source file: Laws/federal/codes/united-states-code/title-42/section-7604-citizen-suits--eacb7aa263.md
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Source location: Title 42, Chapter 85, § 7604; chapter-085-air-pollution-prevention-and-control.md

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**(a) Authority to bring civil action; jurisdiction** Except as provided in subsection (b), any person may commence a civil action on his own behalf— (1) against any person (including (i) the United States, and (ii) any other governmental instrumentality or agency to the extent permitted by the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution) who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of (A) an emission standard or limitation under this chapter or (B) an order issued by the Administrator or a State with respect to such a standard or limitation, (2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this chapter which is not discretionary with the Administrator, or (3) against any person who proposes to construct or constructs any new or modified major emitting facility without a permit required under part C of subchapter I (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of subchapter I (relating to nonattainment) or who is alleged to have violated (if there is evidence that the alleged violation has been repeated) or to be in violation of any condition of such permit. The district courts shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission standard or limitation, or such an order, or to order the Administrator to perform such act or duty, as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties (except for actions under paragraph (2)). The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to compel (consistent with paragraph (2) of this subsection) agency action unreasonably delayed, except that an action to compel agency action referred to in [section 7607(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7607/b&num=0&edition=prelim) which is unreasonably delayed may only be filed in a United States District Court within the circuit in which such action would be reviewable under [section 7607(b) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7607/b&num=0&edition=prelim). In any such action for unreasonable delay, notice to the entities referred to in subsection (b)(1)(A) shall be provided 180 days before commencing such action. **(b) Notice** No action may be commenced— (1) under subsection (a)(1)— (A) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of the violation (i) to the Administrator, (ii) to the State in which the violation occurs, and (iii) to any alleged violator of the standard, limitation, or order, or (B) if the Administrator or State has commenced and is diligently prosecuting a civil action in a court of the United States or a State to require compliance with the standard, limitation, or order, but in any such action in a court of the United States any person may intervene as a matter of right.11 So in original. The period probably should be “, or”. (2) under subsection (a)(2) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of such action to the Administrator, except that such action may be brought immediately after such notification in the case of an action under this section respecting a violation of section 7412(i)(3)(A) or (f)(4) of this title or an order issued by the Administrator pursuant to [section 7413(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7413/a&num=0&edition=prelim). Notice under this subsection shall be given in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe by regulation. **(c) Venue; intervention by Administrator; service of complaint; consent judgment** (1) Any action respecting a violation by a stationary source of an emission standard or limitation or an order respecting such standard or limitation may be brought only in the judicial district in which such source is located. (2) In any action under this section, the Administrator, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right at any time in the proceeding. A judgment in an action under this section to which the United States is not a party shall not, however, have any binding effect upon the United States. (3) Whenever any action is brought under this section the plaintiff shall serve a copy of the complaint on the Attorney General of the United States and on the Administrator. No consent judgment shall be entered in an action brought under this section in which the United States is not a party prior to 45 days following the receipt of a copy of the proposed consent judgment by the Attorney General and the Administrator during which time the Government may submit its comments on the proposed consent judgment to the court and parties or may intervene as a matter of right. **(d) Award of costs; security** The court, in issuing any final order in any action brought pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, may award costs of litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees) to any party, whenever the court determines such award is appropriate. The court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. **(e) Nonrestriction of other rights** Nothing in this section shall restrict any right which any person (or class of persons) may have under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any emission standard or limitation or to seek any other relief (including relief against the Administrator or a State agency). Nothing in this section or in any other law of the United States shall be construed to prohibit, exclude, or restrict any State, local, or interstate authority from— (1) bringing any enforcement action or obtaining any judicial remedy or sanction in any State or local court, or (2) bringing any administrative enforcement action or obtaining any administrative remedy or sanction in any State or local administrative agency, department or instrumentality, against the United States, any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, or any officer, agent, or employee thereof under State or local law respecting control and abatement of air pollution. For provisions requiring compliance by the United States, departments, agencies, instrumentalities, officers, agents, and employees in the same manner as nongovernmental entities, see [section 7418 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7418&num=0&edition=prelim). **(f) “Emission standard or limitation under this chapter” defined** For purposes of this section, the term “emission standard or limitation under this chapter” means— (1) a schedule or timetable of compliance, emission limitation, standard of performance or emission standard, (2) a control or prohibition respecting a motor vehicle fuel or fuel additive, or 22 So in original. The word “or” probably should not appear. (3) any condition or requirement of a permit under part C of subchapter I (relating to significant deterioration of air quality) or part D of subchapter I (relating to nonattainment),,33 So in original. [section 7419 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7419&num=0&edition=prelim) (relating to primary nonferrous smelter orders), any condition or requirement under an applicable implementation plan relating to transportation control measures, air quality maintenance plans, vehicle inspection and maintenance programs or vapor recovery requirements, section 7545(e) and (f) of this title (relating to fuels and fuel additives), [section 7491 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7491&num=0&edition=prelim) (relating to visibility protection), any condition or requirement under subchapter VI (relating to ozone protection), or any requirement under section 7411 or 7412 of this title (without regard to whether such requirement is expressed as an emission standard or otherwise); 44 So in original. The semicolon probably should be a comma. or (4) any other standard, limitation, or schedule established under any permit issued pursuant to subchapter V or under any applicable State implementation plan approved by the Administrator, any permit term or condition, and any requirement to obtain a permit as a condition of operations.55 So in original. The period probably should be a comma. which is in effect under this chapter (including a requirement applicable by reason of [section 7418 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7418&num=0&edition=prelim)) or under an applicable implementation plan. **(g) Penalty fund** (1) Penalties received under subsection (a) shall be deposited in a special fund in the United States Treasury for licensing and other services. Amounts in such fund are authorized to be appropriated and shall remain available until expended, for use by the Administrator to finance air compliance and enforcement activities. The Administrator shall annually report to the Congress about the sums deposited into the fund, the sources thereof, and the actual and proposed uses thereof. (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) the court in any action under this subsection 66 So in original. Probably should be “this section”. to apply civil penalties shall have discretion to order that such civil penalties, in lieu of being deposited in the fund referred to in paragraph (1), be used in beneficial mitigation projects which are consistent with this chapter and enhance the public health or the environment. The court shall obtain the view of the Administrator in exercising such discretion and selecting any such projects. The amount of any such payment in any such action shall not exceed $100,000.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

31 U.S.C. § 1113 — Congressional information

**(a)** (1) When requested by a committee of Congress having jurisdiction over receipts or appropriations, the President shall provide the committee with assistance and information. (2) When requested by a committee of Congress, additional information related to the amount of an appropriation originally requested by an Office of Inspector General shall be submitted to the committee. **(b)** When requested by a committee of Congress, by the Comptroller General, or by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the head of each executive agency shall— (1) provide information on the location and kind of available fiscal, budget, and program information; (2) to the extent practicable, prepare summary tables of that fiscal, budget, and program information and related information the committee, the Comptroller General, or the Director of the Congressional Budget Office considers necessary; and (3) provide a program evaluation carried out or commissioned by an executive agency. **(c)** In cooperation with the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Secretary, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Comptroller General shall— (1) establish and maintain a current directory of sources of, and information systems for, fiscal, budget, and program information and a brief description of the contents of each source and system; (2) when requested, provide assistance to committees of Congress and members of Congress in obtaining information from the sources in the directory; and (3) when requested, provide assistance to committees and, to the extent practicable, to members of Congress in evaluating the information obtained from the sources in the directory

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 31 U.S.C. § 1113

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7418 — Control of pollution from Federal facilities

**(a) General compliance** Each department, agency, and instrumen­tality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government (1) having jurisdiction over any property or facility, or (2) engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result, in the discharge of air pollutants, and each officer, agent, or employee thereof, shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, administrative authority, and process and sanctions respecting the control and abatement of air pollution in the same manner, and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity. The preceding sentence shall apply (A) to any requirement whether substantive or procedural (including any recordkeeping or reporting requirement, any requirement respecting permits and any other requirement whatsoever), (B) to any requirement to pay a fee or charge imposed by any State or local agency to defray the costs of its air pollution regulatory program, (C) to the exercise of any Federal, State, or local administrative authority, and (D) to any process and sanction, whether enforced in Federal, State, or local courts, or in any other manner. This subsection shall apply notwithstanding any immunity of such agencies, officers, agents, or employees under any law or rule of law. No officer, agent, or employee of the United States shall be personally liable for any civil penalty for which he is not otherwise liable. **(b) Exemption** The President may exempt any emission source of any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch from compliance with such a requirement if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so, except that no exemption may be granted from [section 7411 of this title](https://usc

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7418

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7491 — Visibility protection for Federal class I areas

**(a) Impairment of visibility; list of areas; study and report** (1) Congress hereby declares as a national goal the prevention of any future, and the rem­edying of any existing, impairment of visibility in mandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from manmade air pollution. (2) Not later than six months after August 7, 1977, the Secretary of the Interior in consultation with other Federal land managers shall review all mandatory class I Federal areas and identify those where visibility is an important value of the area. From time to time the Secretary of the Interior may revise such identifications. Not later than one year after August 7, 1977, the Administrator shall, after consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, promulgate a list of mandatory class I Federal areas in which he determines visibility is an important value. (3) Not later than eighteen months after August 7, 1977, the Administrator shall complete a study and report to Congress on available methods for implementing the national goal set forth in paragraph (1). Such report shall include recommendations for— (A) methods for identifying, characterizing, determining, quantifying, and measuring visibility impairment in Federal areas referred to in paragraph (1), and (B) modeling techniques (or other methods) for determining the extent to which manmade air pollution may reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute to such impairment, and (C) methods for preventing and remedying such manmade air pollution and resulting visibility impairment. Such report shall also identify the classes or categories of sources and the types of air pollutants which, alone or in conjunction with other sources or pollutants, may reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute significantly

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7491

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7611 — Records and audit

**(a) Recipients of assistance to keep prescribed rec­ords** Each recipient of assistance under this chapter shall keep such records as the Administrator shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition by such recipient of the proceeds of such assistance, the total cost of the project or undertaking in connection with which such assistance is given or used, and the amount of that portion of the cost of the project or undertaking supplied by other sources, and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit. **(b) Audits** The Administrator and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their duly authorized representatives, shall have access for the purpose of audit and examinations to any books, documents, papers, and records of the recipients that are pertinent to the grants received under this chapter.

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7611

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7401 — Congressional findings and declaration of purpose

**(a) Findings** The Congress finds— (1) that the predominant part of the Nation’s population is located in its rapidly expanding metropolitan and other urban areas, which generally cross the boundary lines of local jurisdictions and often extend into two or more States; (2) that the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution brought about by urbanization, industrial development, and the increasing use of motor vehicles, has resulted in mounting dangers to the public health and welfare, including injury to agricultural crops and livestock, damage to and the deterioration of property, and hazards to air and ground transportation; (3) that air pollution prevention (that is, the reduction or elimination, through any measures, of the amount of pollutants produced or created at the source) and air pollution control at its source is the primary responsibility of States and local governments; and (4) that Federal financial assistance and leadership is essential for the development of cooperative Federal, State, regional, and local programs to prevent and control air pollution. **(b) Declaration** The purposes of this subchapter are— (1) to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation’s air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of its population; (2) to initiate and accelerate a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution; (3) to provide technical and financial assistance to State and local governments in connection with the development and execution of their air pollution prevention and control programs; and (4) to encourage and assist the development and operation of regional air pollution prevention and control programs. **(c) Pollution prevention** A prim

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7401

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7419 — Primary nonferrous smelter orders

**(a) Issuance; hearing; enforcement orders; statement of grounds for application; findings** (1) Upon application by the owner or operator of a primary nonferrous smelter, a primary nonferrous smelter order under subsection (b) may be issued— (A) by the Administrator, after thirty days’ notice to the State, or (B) by the State in which such source is located, but no such order issued by the State shall take effect until the Administrator determines that such order has been issued in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. Not later than ninety days after submission by the State to the Administrator of notice of the issuance of a primary nonferrous smelter order under this section, the Administrator shall determine whether or not such order has been issued by the State in accordance with the requirements of this chapter. If the Administrator determines that such order has not been issued in accordance with such requirements, he shall conduct a hearing respecting the reasonably available control technology for primary nonferrous smelters. (2) (A) An order issued under this section to a primary nonferrous smelter shall be referred to as a “primary nonferrous smelter order”. No primary nonferrous smelter may receive both an enforcement order under section 7413(d) 11 See References in Text note below. of this title and a primary nonferrous smelter order under this section. (B) Before any hearing conducted under this section, in the case of an application made by the owner or operator of a primary nonferrous smelter for a second order under this section, the applicant shall furnish the Administrator (or the State as the case may be) with a statement of the grounds on which such application is based (including all supporting documents and information

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7419

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 1857g to 1857k — Transferred

### Statutory Notes #### Codification Section 1857g, act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title III, § 301, formerly § 8, as added Dec. 17, 1963, Pub. L. 88–206, § 1, 77 Stat. 400; renumbered title III, § 301, Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89–272, title I, § 101(4), 79 Stat. 992; amended Nov. 21, 1967, Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, 81 Stat. 504; Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, §§ 3(b)(2), 15(c)(2), 84 Stat. 1677, 1713, which related to administration of air pollution control, was transferred to [section 7601 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7601&num=0&edition=prelim). Section 1857h, act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title III, § 302, formerly § 9, as added Dec. 17, 1963, Pub. L. 88–206, § 1, 77 Stat. 400; renumbered title III, § 302, Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89–272, title I, § 101(4), 79 Stat. 992; amended Nov. 21, 1967, Pub. L. 90–148, § 2, 81 Stat. 504; Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, § 15(a)(1), (c)(1), 84 Stat. 1710, 1713, which related to definitions concerning air pollution control, was transferred to [section 7602 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7602&num=0&edition=prelim). Section 1857h–1, act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title III, § 303, as added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, § 12(a), 84 Stat. 1705, which related to emergency powers of the Administrator, was transferred to [section 7603 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7603&num=0&edition=prelim). Section 1857h–2, act July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title III, § 304, as added Dec. 31, 1970, Pub. L. 91–604, § 12(a), 84 Stat. 1706, which related to citizen suits, was transferred to [section 7604 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-sectio

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 1857g to 1857k

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7412 — Hazardous air pollutants

**(a) Definitions** For purposes of this section, except subsection (r)— (1) **Major source** — The term “major source” means any stationary source or group of stationary sources located within a contiguous area and under common control that emits or has the potential to emit considering controls, in the aggregate, 10 tons per year or more of any hazardous air pollutant or 25 tons per year or more of any combination of hazardous air pollutants. The Administrator may establish a lesser quantity, or in the case of radionuclides different criteria, for a major source than that specified in the previous sentence, on the basis of the potency of the air pollutant, persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, other characteristics of the air pollutant, or other relevant factors. (2) **Area source** — The term “area source” means any stationary source of hazardous air pollutants that is not a major source. For purposes of this section, the term “area source” shall not include motor vehicles or nonroad vehicles subject to regulation under subchapter II. (3) **Stationary source** — The term “stationary source” shall have the same meaning as such term has under [section 7411(a) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7411/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (4) **New source** — The term “new source” means a stationary source the construction or reconstruction of which is commenced after the Administrator first proposes regulations under this section establishing an emission standard applicable to such source. (5) **Modification** — The term “modification” means any physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, a major source which increases the actual emissions of any hazardous air pollutant emitted by such source by more

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7412

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7506 — Limitations on certain Federal assistance

**(a) , (b) Repealed. Pub. L. 101–549, title I, § 110(4), Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2470** **(c) Activities not conforming to approved or promulgated plans** (1) No department, agency, or instrumentality of the Federal Government shall engage in, support in any way or provide financial assistance for, license or permit, or approve, any activity which does not conform to an implementation plan after it has been approved or promulgated under [section 7410 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7410&num=0&edition=prelim). No metropolitan planning organization designated under [section 134 of title 23](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title23-section134&num=0&edition=prelim), shall give its approval to any project, program, or plan which does not conform to an implementation plan approved or promulgated under [section 7410 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title42-section7410&num=0&edition=prelim). The assurance of conformity to such an implementation plan shall be an affirmative responsibility of the head of such department, agency, or instrumentality. Conformity to an implementation plan means— (A) conformity to an implementation plan’s purpose of eliminating or reducing the severity and number of violations of the national ambient air quality standards and achieving expeditious attainment of such standards; and (B) that such activities will not— (i) cause or contribute to any new violation of any standard in any area; (ii) increase the frequency or severity of any existing violation of any standard in any area; or (iii) delay timely attainment of any standard or any required interim emission reductions or other milestones in any

Source: Supplied U.S. Code snapshot — release unconfirmed · 42 U.S.C. § 7506

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

42 U.S.C. § 7604 — Citizen suits

Page 7387 TITLE 42—THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE § 7604 dence that a pollution source or combination of sources (including moving sources) is presenting an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health or welfare, or the environment, may bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to immediately restrain any person causing or con- tributing to the alleged pollution to stop the emission of air pollutants causing or contrib- uting to such pollution or to take such other ac- tion as may be necessary. If it is not practicable to assure prompt protection of public health or welfare or the environment by commencement of such a civil action, the Administrator may issue such orders as may be necessary to protect public health or welfare or the environment. Prior to taking any action under this section, the Administrator shall consult with appro- priate State and local authorities and attempt to confirm the accuracy of the information on which the action proposed to be taken is based. Any order issued by the Administrator under this section shall be effective upon issuance and shall remain in effect for a period of not more than 60 days, unless the Administrator brings an action pursuant to the first sentence of this sec- tion before the expiration of that period. When- ever the Administrator brings such an action within the 60-day period, such order shall re- main in effect for an additional 14 days or for such longer period as may be authorized by the court in which such action is brought. (July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title III, § 303, as added Pub. L. 91–604, § 12(a), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1705; amended Pub. L. 95–95, title III, § 302(a), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 770; Pub. L. 101–549, title VII, §

Source: Supplied 2024 U.S. Code historical extraction · 42 U.S.C. § 7604

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