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23 U.S.C. § 403 — Highway safety research and development

Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

23 U.S.C. § 403 — Highway safety research and development

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**(a) Defined Term.—** In this section, the term “Federal laboratory” includes— (1) a government-owned, government-operated laboratory; and (2) a government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory. **(b) General Authority.—** (1) **Research and development activities.—** — The Secretary may conduct research and development activities, including demonstration projects, training, education, and the collection and analysis of highway and motor vehicle safety data and related information needed to carry out this section, with respect to— (A) all aspects of highway and traffic safety systems and conditions relating to— (i) vehicle, highway, driver, passenger, motorcyclist, bicyclist, and pedestrian characteristics; (ii) crash causation and investigations; (iii) communications; and (iv) emergency medical services, including the transportation of the injured; (B) human behavioral factors and their effect on highway and traffic safety, including— (i) driver education; (ii) impaired driving; and (iii) distracted driving; (C) an evaluation of the effectiveness of countermeasures to increase highway and traffic safety, including occupant protection and alcohol- and drug-impaired driving technologies and initiatives; (D) the development of technologies to detect drug impaired drivers; (E) research on, evaluations of, and identification of best practices related to driver education programs (including driver education curricula, instructor training and certification, program administration, and delivery mechanisms) and make recommendations for harmonizing driver education and multistage graduated licensing systems; and (F) the effect of State laws on any aspects, activities, or programs described in subparagraphs (A) through (E). (2) **Cooperation, grants, and contracts.—** — The Secretary may carry out this section— (A) independently; (B) in cooperation with other Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities and Federal laboratories; (C) by entering into contracts, cooperative agreements, and other transactions with the National Academy of Sciences, any Federal laboratory, State or local agency, authority, association, institution, foreign government (in coordination with the Department of State) or person (as defined in chapter 1 of title 1); or (D) by making grants to the National Academy of Sciences, any Federal laboratory, State or local agency, authority, association, institution, or person (as defined in chapter 1 of title 1). **(c) Collaborative Research and Development.—** (1) **In general.—** — To encourage innovative solutions to highway safety problems, stimulate voluntary improvements in highway safety, and stimulate the marketing of new highway safety related technology by private industry, the Secretary is authorized to carry out, on a cost-shared basis, collaborative research and development with— (A) non-Federal entities, including State and local governments, foreign governments, colleges, universities, corporations, partnerships, sole proprietorships, organizations, and trade associations that are incorporated or established under the laws of any State or the United States; and (B) Federal laboratories. (2) **Agreements.—** — In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary may enter into cooperative research and development agreements (as defined in section 12 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 ([15 U.S.C. 3710a](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3710a&num=0&edition=prelim))) in which the Secretary provides not more than 50 percent of the cost of any research or development project under this subsection. (3) **Use of technology.—** — The research, development, or use of any technology pursuant to an agreement under this subsection, including the terms under which technology may be licensed and the resulting royalties may be distributed, shall be subject to the provisions of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 ([15 U.S.C. 3701](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section3701&num=0&edition=prelim) et seq.). **(d) Title to Equipment.—** In furtherance of the purposes set forth in section 402, the Secretary may vest title to equipment purchased for demonstration projects with funds authorized under this section to State or local agencies on such terms and conditions as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. **(e) Prohibition on Certain Disclosures.—** Any report of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or of any officer, employee, or contractor of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, relating to any highway traffic crash or the investigation of such crash conducted pursuant to this chapter or chapter 301 of title 49 may only be made available to the public in a manner that does not identify individuals. **(f) Cooperative Research and Evaluation.—** (1) **Establishment and funding.—** — Notwithstanding the apportionment formula set forth in section 402(c)(2), $3,500,000 of the total amount available for apportionment to the States for highway safety programs under section 402(c) in each fiscal year shall be available for expenditure by the Secretary, acting through the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, for a cooperative research and evaluation program to research and evaluate priority highway safety countermeasures. (2) **Administration.—** — The program established under paragraph (1)— (A) shall be administered by the Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and (B) shall be jointly managed by the Governors Highway Safety Association and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. **(g) International Cooperation.—** The Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration may participate and cooperate in international activities to enhance highway safety. **(h) In-vehicle Alcohol Detection Device Research.—** (1) **Definitions.—** — In this subsection: (A) *Alcohol-impaired driving.—* — The term “alcohol-impaired driving” means the operation of a motor vehicle (as defined in [section 30102(a) of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30102/a&num=0&edition=prelim)) by an individual whose blood alcohol content is at or above the legal limit. (B) *Legal limit.—* — The term “legal limit” means a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent or greater (as set forth in section 163(a)) or such other percentage limitation as may be established by applicable Federal, State, or local law. (2) **In general.—** — The Administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shall carry out a collaborative research effort under chapter 301 of title 49 on in-vehicle technology to prevent alcohol-impaired driving. (3) **Funding.—** — The Secretary shall obligate from funds made available to carry out this section for the period covering fiscal years 2022 through 2025, not more than $45,000,000 to conduct the research described in paragraph (2). (4) **Privacy protection.—** — The Administrator shall not develop requirements for any device or means of technology to be installed in an automobile intended for retail sale that records a driver’s blood alcohol concentration. (5) **Reports.—** — The Administrator shall submit an annual report to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives, and Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives that— (A) describes the progress made in carrying out the collaborative research effort; and (B) includes an accounting for the use of Federal funds obligated or expended in carrying out that effort. **(i) Limitation on Drug and Alcohol Survey Data.—** The Secretary shall establish procedures and guidelines to ensure that any person participating in a program or activity that collects data on drug or alcohol use by drivers of motor vehicles and is carried out under this section is informed that the program or activity is voluntary. **(j) Federal Share.—** The Federal share of the cost of any project or activity carried out under this section may be not more than 100 percent. **(k) Child Safety Campaign.—** (1) **In general.—** — The Secretary shall carry out an education campaign to reduce the incidence of vehicular heatstroke of children left in passenger motor vehicles (as defined in [section 30102(a) of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30102/a&num=0&edition=prelim)). (2) **Advertising.—** — The Secretary may use, or authorize the use of, funds made available to carry out this section to pay for the development, production, and use of broadcast and print media advertising and Internet-based outreach for the education campaign under paragraph (1). (3) **Coordination.—** — In carrying out the education campaign under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall coordinate with— (A) interested State and local governments; (B) private industry; and (C) other parties, as determined by the Secretary. **(l) Development of State Processes for Informing Consumers of Recalls.—** (1) **Definitions.—** — In this subsection: (A) *Motor vehicle.—* — The term “motor vehicle” has the meaning given the term in [section 30102(a) of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30102/a&num=0&edition=prelim). (B) *Open recall.—* — The term “open recall” means a motor vehicle recall— (i) for which a notification by a manufacturer has been provided under [section 30119 of title 49](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30119&num=0&edition=prelim); and (ii) that has not been remedied under section 30120 of that title. (C) *Program.—* — The term “program” means the program established under paragraph (2)(A). (D) *Registration.—* — The term “registration” means the process for registering a motor vehicle in a State (including registration renewal). (E) *State.—* — The term “State” has the meaning given the term in section 101(a). (2) **Grants.—** (A) *Establishment of program.—* — Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall establish a program under which the Secretary shall provide grants to States for use in developing and implementing State processes for informing each applicable owner and lessee of a motor vehicle of any open recall on the motor vehicle at the time of registration of the motor vehicle in the State, in accordance with this paragraph. (B) *Eligibility.—* — To be eligible to receive a grant under the program, a State shall— (i) submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require; and (ii) agree— (I) to notify each owner or lessee of a motor vehicle presented for registration in the State of any open recall on that motor vehicle; and (II) to provide to each owner or lessee of a motor vehicle presented for registration, at no cost— (aa) the open recall information for the motor vehicle; and (bb) such other information as the Secretary may require. (C) *Factors for consideration.—* — In selecting grant recipients under the program, the Secretary shall take into consideration the methodology of a State for— (i) identifying open recalls on a motor vehicle; (ii) informing each owner and lessee of a motor vehicle of an open recall; and (iii) measuring performance in— (I) informing owners and lessees of open recalls; and (II) remedying open recalls. (D) *Performance period.—* — A grant provided under the program shall require a performance period of 2 years. (E) *Report.—* — Not later than 90 days after the date of completion of the performance period under subparagraph (D), each State that receives a grant under the program shall submit to the Secretary a report that contains such information as the Secretary considers to be necessary to evaluate the extent to which open recalls have been remedied in the State. (F) *No regulations required.—* — Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary shall not be required to issue any regulations to carry out the program. (3) **Paperwork reduction act.—** — Chapter 35 of title 44 (commonly known as the “Paperwork Reduction Act”) shall not apply to information collected under the program. (4) **Funding.—** (A) *In general.—* — For each of fiscal years 2022 through 2026, the Secretary shall obligate from funds made available to carry out this section $1,500,000 to carry out the program. (B) *Reallocation.—* — To ensure, to the maximum extent practicable, that all amounts described in subparagraph (A) are obligated each fiscal year, the Secretary, before the last day of any fiscal year, may reallocate any of those amounts remaining available to increase the amounts made available to carry out any other activities authorized under this section. **(m) Innovative Highway Safety Countermeasures.—** (1) **In general.—** — In conducting research under this section, the Secretary shall evaluate the effectiveness of innovative behavioral traffic safety countermeasures, other than traffic enforcement, that are considered promising or likely to be effective for the purpose of enriching revisions to the document entitled “Countermeasures That Work: A Highway Safety Countermeasure Guide for State Highway Safety Offices, Ninth Edition” and numbered DOT HS 812 478 (or any successor document). (2) **Treatment.—** — The research described in paragraph (1) shall be in addition to any other research carried out under this section.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 3710a — Cooperative research and development agreements

**(a) General authority** Each Federal agency may permit the director of any of its Government-operated Federal laboratories, and, to the extent provided in an agency-approved joint work statement or, if permitted by the agency, in an agency-approved annual strategic plan, the director of any of its Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratories— (1) to enter into cooperative research and development agreements on behalf of such agency (subject to subsection (c) of this section) with other Federal agencies; units of State, local, or territorial government; industrial organizations (including corporations, partnerships, and limited partnerships, and industrial development organizations); public and private foundations; nonprofit organizations (including universities); or other persons (including licensees of inventions owned by the Federal agency); and (2) to negotiate licensing agreements under [section 207 of title 35](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section207&num=0&edition=prelim), or under other authorities (in the case of a Government-owned, contractor-operated laboratory, subject to subsection (c) of this section) for inventions made or other intellectual property developed at the laboratory and other inventions or other intellectual property that may be voluntarily assigned to the Government. **(b) Enumerated authority** (1) Under an agreement entered into pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the laboratory may grant, or agree to grant in advance, to a collaborating party patent licenses or assignments, or options thereto, in any invention made in whole or in part by a laboratory employee under the agreement, or, subject to [section 209 of title 35](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title35-section

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

31 U.S.C. § 1113 — Congressional information

**(a)** (1) When requested by a committee of Congress having jurisdiction over receipts or appropriations, the President shall provide the committee with assistance and information. (2) When requested by a committee of Congress, additional information related to the amount of an appropriation originally requested by an Office of Inspector General shall be submitted to the committee. **(b)** When requested by a committee of Congress, by the Comptroller General, or by the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the head of each executive agency shall— (1) provide information on the location and kind of available fiscal, budget, and program information; (2) to the extent practicable, prepare summary tables of that fiscal, budget, and program information and related information the committee, the Comptroller General, or the Director of the Congressional Budget Office considers necessary; and (3) provide a program evaluation carried out or commissioned by an executive agency. **(c)** In cooperation with the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, the Secretary, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Comptroller General shall— (1) establish and maintain a current directory of sources of, and information systems for, fiscal, budget, and program information and a brief description of the contents of each source and system; (2) when requested, provide assistance to committees of Congress and members of Congress in obtaining information from the sources in the directory; and (3) when requested, provide assistance to committees and, to the extent practicable, to members of Congress in evaluating the information obtained from the sources in the directory

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

23 U.S.C. § 307 — Repealed. Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5119(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452]

### Statutory Notes Section, Pub. L. 85–767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 913; Pub. L. 87–866, § 11, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1148; Pub. L. 88–157, § 6, Oct. 24, 1963, 77 Stat. 277; Pub. L. 89–564, title I, § 103, Sept. 9, 1966, 80 Stat. 735; Pub. L. 91–605, title I, §§ 115(c), 126, 136(c), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1723, 1729, 1735; Pub. L. 93–87, title I, § 151, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 276; Pub. L. 96–470, title I, § 112(b)(2), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2239; Pub. L. 97–424, title I, §§ 156(a), (b), (d), 160(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2134, 2135; Pub. L. 100–17, title I, §§ 128, 129, 133(b)(17), Apr. 2, 1987, 101 Stat. 167, 169, 172; Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, §§ 6001, 6005, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2162, 2170; Pub. L. 103–429, § 3(10), Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4378; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 325(d), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 592, related to research and planning. #### Intelligent Transportation Systems Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, pt. B, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2189, as amended by Pub. L. 102–388, title IV, § 404, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1564; Pub. L. 104–59, title III, § 338(a), (b), (c)(2), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 603, 604; Pub. L. 105–130, § 5(d), Dec. 1, 1997, 111 Stat. 2557, related to Intelligent Transportation Systems Act of 1991, including provisions relating to establishment and scope of program, general authorities and requirements, strategic plan, implementation, and report to Congress, technical, planning, and operational testing project assistance, applications of technology, commercial motor vehicle safety technology, funding, and definitions, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–178, title V, § 5213, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 463. See Pub. L. 105–178, title V, §§ 5201–5213, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 452–463, set out as a note under [section 502 of this title](https://

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

15 U.S.C. § 3701 — Findings

The Congress finds and declares that: (1) Technology and industrial innovation are central to the economic, environmental, and social well-being of citizens of the United States. (2) Technology and industrial innovation offer an improved standard of living, increased public and private sector productivity, creation of new industries and employment opportunities, improved public services and enhanced competitiveness of United States products in world markets. (3) Many new discoveries and advances in science occur in universities and Federal laboratories, while the application of this new knowledge to commercial and useful public purposes depends largely upon actions by business and labor. Cooperation among academia, Federal laboratories, labor, and industry, in such forms as technology transfer, personnel exchange, joint research projects, and others, should be renewed, expanded, and strengthened. (4) Small businesses have performed an important role in advancing industrial and technological innovation. (5) Industrial and technological innovation in the United States may be lagging when compared to historical patterns and other industrialized nations. (6) Increased industrial and technological innovation would reduce trade deficits, stabilize the dollar, increase productivity gains, increase employment, and stabilize prices. (7) Government antitrust, economic, trade, patent, procurement, regulatory, research and development, and tax policies have significant impacts upon industrial innovation and development of technology, but there is insufficient knowledge of their effects in particular sectors of the economy. (8) No comprehensive national policy exists to enhance technological innovation for commercial and public purposes. There is a need for such a policy, in

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

23 U.S.C. § 402 — Highway safety programs

**(a) Program Required.—** (1) **In general.—** — Each State shall have in effect a highway safety program that— (i) is designed to reduce— (I) traffic crashes; and (II) deaths, injuries, and property damage resulting from those crashes; (ii) includes— (I) an approved, current, triennial highway safety plan in accordance with subsection (k); and (II) an approved grant application under subsection (l) for the fiscal year; (iii) demonstrates compliance with the applicable administrative requirements of subsection (b)(1); and (iv) is approved by the Secretary. (2) **Uniform guidelines.—** — Programs required under paragraph (1) shall comply with uniform guidelines, promulgated by the Secretary and expressed in terms of performance criteria, that— (A) include programs— (i) to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from motor vehicles being driven in excess of posted speed limits; (ii) to encourage the proper use of safety belts by occupants of motor vehicles; (iii) to encourage more widespread and proper use of child restraints, with an emphasis on underserved populations; (iv) to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from persons driving motor vehicles while impaired by alcohol or a controlled substance; (v) to prevent crashes and reduce injuries and deaths resulting from crashes involving motor vehicles and motorcycles; (vi) to reduce injuries and deaths resulting from crashes involving school buses; (vii) to reduce crashes resulting from unsafe driving behavior (including aggressive or fatigued driving and distracted driving arising from the use of electronic devices in vehicles); (viii) to improve law enforcement services in motor vehicle crash prevention, traffic supervision, and post-crash proce

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

5 U.S.C. § 5313 — Positions at level II

Level II of the Executive Schedule applies to the following positions, for which the annual rate of basic pay shall be the rate determined with respect to such level under chapter 11 of title 2, as adjusted by [section 5318 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section5318&num=0&edition=prelim):

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

49 U.S.C. § 30119 — Notification procedures

**(a) Contents of Notification.—** Notification by a manufacturer required under [section 30118 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30118&num=0&edition=prelim) of a defect or noncompliance shall contain— (1) a clear description of the defect or noncompliance; (2) an evaluation of the risk to motor vehicle safety reasonably related to the defect or noncompliance; (3) the measures to be taken to obtain a remedy of the defect or noncompliance; (4) a statement that the manufacturer giving notice will remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under [section 30120 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30120&num=0&edition=prelim); (5) the earliest date on which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge, and for tires, the period during which the defect or noncompliance will be remedied without charge under [section 30120 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30120&num=0&edition=prelim); (6) the procedure the recipient of a notice is to follow to inform the Secretary of Transportation when a manufacturer, distributor, or dealer does not remedy the defect or noncompliance without charge under [section 30120 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30120&num=0&edition=prelim); and (7) other information the Secretary prescribes by regulation. **(b) Earliest Remedy Date.—** The date specified by a manufacturer in a notification under subsection (a)(5) of this section or [section 30121(c)(2) of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title49-section30121/c/2&num=0&edition=prelim) is the earliest date that part

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

5 U.S.C. § 1001 — Definitions

In this chapter: (1) **Administrator.—** — The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of General Services. (2) **Advisory committee.—** (A) *In general.—* — The term “advisory committee” means a committee, board, commission, council, conference, panel, task force, or other similar group, or any subcommittee or other subgroup thereof (hereafter in this paragraph referred to as “committee”) that is established or utilized to obtain advice or recommendations for the President or one or more agencies or officers of the Federal Government and that is— (i) established by statute or reorganization plan; (ii) established or utilized by the President; or (iii) established or utilized by one or more agencies. (B) *Exclusions.—* — The term “advisory committee” excludes— (i) a committee that is composed wholly of full-time, or permanent part-time, officers or employees of the Federal Government; and (ii) a committee that is created by the National Academy of Sciences or the National Academy of Public Administration. (3) **Agency.—** — The term “agency” has the meaning given the term in [section 551 of this title](https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section551&num=0&edition=prelim). (4) **Presidential advisory committee.—** — The term “Presidential advisory committee” means an advisory committee that advises the President.

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

23 U.S.C. § 101 — Definitions and declaration of policy

**(a) Definitions.—** In this title, the following definitions apply: (1) **Apportionment.—** — The term “apportionment” includes unexpended apportionments made under prior authorization laws. (2) **Asset management.—** — The term “asset management” means a strategic and systematic process of operating, maintaining, and improving physical assets, with a focus on both engineering and economic analysis based upon quality information, to identify a structured sequence of maintenance, preservation, repair, rehabilitation, and replacement actions that will achieve and sustain a desired state of good repair over the lifecycle of the assets at minimum practicable cost. (3) **Carpool project.—** — The term “carpool project” means any project to encourage the use of carpools and vanpools, including provision of carpooling opportunities to the elderly and individuals with disabilities, systems for locating potential riders and informing them of carpool opportunities, acquiring vehicles for carpool use, designating existing highway lanes as preferential carpool highway lanes, providing related traffic control devices, designating existing facilities for use for preferential parking for carpools, and real-time ridesharing projects, such as projects where drivers, using an electronic transfer of funds, recover costs directly associated with the trip provided through the use of location technology to quantify those direct costs, subject to the condition that the cost recovered does not exceed the cost of the trip provided. (4) **Construction.—** — The term “construction” means the supervising, inspecting, actual building, and incurrence of all costs incidental to the construction or reconstruction of a highway or any project eligible for assistance under this title, including bon

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Federal law — U.S. Code and appendices · legal_authorities

21 U.S.C. § 801 — Congressional findings and declarations: controlled substances

The Congress makes the following findings and declarations: (1) Many of the drugs included within this subchapter have a useful and legitimate medical purpose and are necessary to maintain the health and general welfare of the American people. (2) The illegal importation, manufacture, distribution, and possession and improper use of controlled substances have a substantial and detrimental effect on the health and general welfare of the American people. (3) A major portion of the traffic in controlled substances flows through interstate and foreign commerce. Incidents of the traffic which are not an integral part of the interstate or foreign flow, such as manufacture, local distribution, and possession, nonetheless have a substantial and direct effect upon interstate commerce because— (A) after manufacture, many controlled substances are transported in interstate commerce, (B) controlled substances distributed locally usually have been transported in interstate commerce immediately before their distribution, and (C) controlled substances possessed commonly flow through interstate commerce immediately prior to such possession. (4) Local distribution and possession of controlled substances contribute to swelling the interstate traffic in such substances. (5) Controlled substances manufactured and distributed intrastate cannot be differentiated from controlled substances manufactured and distributed interstate. Thus, it is not feasible to distinguish, in terms of controls, between controlled substances manufactured and distributed interstate and controlled substances manufactured and distributed intrastate. (6) Federal control of the intrastate incidents of the traffic in controlled substances is essential to the effective control of the interstate incidents

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